Die Anbauversuche mit fremdl?ndischen Baumarten in den Staatsmaldungen des K?nigreichs Bayern

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Grafrather Anbauversuche

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Forstwirtschastslehre im Iahre 1944

Ohne ZusammenfassungDiese Abhadlung hat uns der am 15. I. 30 freiwillig aus dem Leben geschiedene Gie\ener Universitätsprofessor wenige Tage vor feinem Tod übersandt. In einem Begleitbrief sagt er, da\ fie gleichfam das Programm einer Geschichte der Forstwirschtslehre darstelle, mit deren Absassung er zur Zeit beschäftigt fet.Das Klingt viel mehr nach Lebens- und Schaffenslust als nach überdru\ oder Verzweiflung. Heute muten uns aber seine hier folgenden mahnenden Worte und Fingerzeige zum rechten Weg wie ein bewu\tes Vermächtnis an seine Fachgenossen auf den Lehrstühlen an. Sie zeigen zugleich, wie ernst H. W. Weber es mit seiner Wissenschaft genommen hat, lassen aber auch seinen schwarzseherischen Geist erkennen, der seinem eigenen Sein zum Verhängnis geworden ift. Er, unberfrtedigt jeden Augenbild von sich und seiner Umwelt arbeitete bis zu seinem le\ten Tag an der Förderung seines Faches, leider ohne durch diese Arbeit die faustische Erlösung zu finden.Wir danken ihm für manche wertvolle Arbelt, indemwir sein Andenken ehren und weden seiner demnächst nach in einem Nachruf aus Feder eines Freundes gedenken.     

Die Wirkungsbreite des Ausstoβreflexes bei Borkenkäfernreflexes bei Borkenkäfern

Summary The thrust out-reflex of the back beetles is useful to the breeding galleries of bore-meal and other substances. The beetles also avert with this reflex other insects, who try to invade the breeding galleries. Then the bark beetle thrust out its abdomen and often that means the ruin of the beetle. The enemy — f. i.Thanasimus formicarius L. — has the opportunity to kill the bark beetle when he reaches its abdomen.     

Transferability of Exfiltration Rates from Sewer Systems (6 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope

Models describing in- and exfiltration of sewer systems require a large amount of data for calibration. These are often difficult and expensive to measure and to acquire. Therefore, this paper aims at clarifying whether results from various measurement campaigns might be joined to broaden the basis of an exfiltration model. Within this context, the transferability of exfiltration rates from one sewer (or catchment) to another is one of the crucial points.

Materials and Methods

Exfiltration rates derived from field measurements and from literature (field and laboratory investigations) are compared with respect to - Catchment characteristics- Applied methods: tracer tests, blocking tests, and laboratory investigations- Experimental site: laboratory and field studies - Leakage area: Closed-circuit television (CCTV) serves as a substitute for sewer characteristics. From those records the leakage area is obtained calculating an exfiltration rate per day and cm² leakage area.

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Exfiltration was measured in two catchments and the findings were compared with published data for two catchments and two laboratory studies. As expected, exfiltration rates exhibit a wide range. We investigated whether the experimental design dominates the variance of measured data. The results are compared by means of statistical methods (Kruskal-Wallis analysis of ranks, Bootstrapping, and analysis of covariance-ANCOVA) to reveal significant differences in means.

Results

The statistical analysis yields significant differences in exfiltration rates comparing the results obtained (i) in either field or laboratory and (ii) with different methods. Exfiltration rates measured in various catchments are not significantly different.

Discussion

It can be shown that exfiltration rates obtained from field studies are affected by the measurement technique, whereas for laboratory investigations, the measurement technique does not influence the result in the first place. It is therefore difficult to jointly analyse laboratory and field experiments, i.e. a transfer of exfiltration rates from laboratory investigations to operational sewers is hardly feasible. It is also shown that results from different catchments are better suited for a joint assessment than results from differing methods.

Conclusions

A joint assessment of exfiltration rates obtained in various studies is not feasible with the available datasets.

Recommendations and Perspective

:A standardisation of methods would allow for optimal analysis of exfiltration rates measured by different researchers or operators.

     

Measurement of redox potential and steroid concentrations in the follicular fluid of growing and regressing follicles of mares

The aim of this study was to prove if oxidation-reduction levels in the follicular fluid were new functional indices of follicular health and whether there was a high level of accordance with endocrinological parameters and with the growth stage as detected by ultrasound monitoring of individual follicles during the oestrous cycle in mares. Follicles were classified as growing and regressing follicles using ultrasonography. Altogether 48 follicles with a diameter from 20 to 56 mm were aspirated by transvaginal ultrasound guided follicular aspiration. Follicular concentration of oestradiol and progesterone in relation to the diameter of growing follicles showed correlations of r = 0.64 and r = 0.57, respectively. The redox potential derived index D2 varied from -448 to +431 in the collected fluids of the follicles. The accordance of the judgement of all follicles using both complexes of methods - endocrinological and ultrasonographic parameters vs. analysis of oxidation and reduction levels - reached 72.5%. This finding has shown that parameters of redox reactions do not correlate closely with the stage of follicular growth or regression as determined by in vivo scanning of ovaries or by assessment of follicular steroid concentrations. However, the measurement of redox potentials offers an opportunity to examine the whole process of metabolism in follicular cells and to forecast impairments of cellular performances. Changes of redox parameters in growing follicles enable an earlier prediction of their further development. The data demonstrate that growing and regressing follicles do not represent nonatretic, early atretic and atretic follicles, respectively.     

Improved assessment of frozen/thawed mouse spermatozoa using fluorescence microscopy

Genetically modified (GM) animals are unique mutants with an enormous scientific potential. Cryopreservation of pre-implantation embryos or spermatozoa is a common approach for protecting these lines from being lost or to store them in a repository. A mutant line can be taken out of a breeding nucleus only if sufficient numbers of samples with an appropriate level of quality are cryopreserved. The quality of different donors within the same mouse line might be heterogeneous and the cryopreservation procedure might also be error-prone. However, only limited amounts of material are available for analysis. To improve the monitoring of frozen/thawed spermatozoa, commonly used in vitro fertilization (IVF) followed by embryo transfer were replaced with animal-free techniques. Major factors for assessing spermatozoa quality (i.e., density, viability, motility, and morphology) were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. For this, a live/dead cell staining protocol requiring only small amounts of material was created. Membrane integrity was then examined as major parameter closely correlated with successful IVF. These complex analyses allow us to monitor frozen/thawed spermatozoa from GM mice using a relatively simple staining procedure. This approach leads to a reduction of animal experiments and contributes to the 3R principles (replacement, reduction and refinement of animal experiments).     

Follicular dynamics after treatment with hCG for ovulation induction in mares

In this study the use of hCG for induction of ovulation is described. Factors such as follicle diameter at the time of administration of hCG (3000 IE hCG i.v.), follicular growth after hCG and the rate of double ovulations were evaluated. A total of 168 mares presented for artificial insemination were used. In 249 estrous periods hCG was given to mares exhibiting standing estrous when a minimum follicle diameter of 30 mm and a well developed edema of the endometrium could be detected by ultrasonography. In nine estrous periods ovulation occurred within 24 hours after hCG. The majority of mares (216; 86.7%) ovulated 24 to 48 hours after hCG and in 24 cases ovulation was delayed beyond 48 hours. Follicle size at the time of hCG administration (30-34 mm, 35-39 mm, > or = 40 mm) had no influence on the percentage of mares ovulating 24 to 48 hours after hCG (89.2%, 87.9%, and 83.7%, respectively). Double ovulations could be observed in 17.7% of estrous periods. The one cycle pregnancy rate was not influenced by follicle size (small 45.9%; medium 41.6%; large 47.5%). Repeated treatments with hCG during successive estrous cycles within one year did not influence the rate of responding to hCG. Mares in standing estrous respond well to hCG if a minimum follicle size of 30 mm and a well developed endometrial folding is present.     

The prevalence of anti-yersinia outer protein antibodies in Bavarian slaughter pigs

The aim of the present study was to provide current data on the prevalence of anti-Yersinia-antibodies in Bavarian slaughtering pigs. The recomBlot Westernblot assay based on five recombinantly produced Yersinia Outer Proteins (YopD, YopE, YopH, YopM, V-antigen) is well evaluated for the use in the diagnosis of human yersiniosis and proved to be also a valuable tool for the detection of porcine antibodies. 965 out of 1002 meat juice samples collected in 53 Bavarian pig farms contained anti-Yop/V-Ag-antibodies. Only blots with three or more detectable signals were considered as positive. On the basis of these results a possible previous history of Yersinia infection was detected in 45.4% of the pigs and all of the pig farms. The high prevalence of anti-Yersinia-antibodies found in this investigation demonstrates the need for further epidemiological surveillance and animal studies to assess consumers' endangering.