小型鲜莲子剥壳机的设计与试验

由于现有鲜莲子剥壳机的机型结构复杂、价格和维护成本较高,故未能在普通莲农中推广,大多数莲农仍采用手工加工。为了减轻广大莲农劳动负担,实现新鲜莲子机械化剥壳的普及,该文研制了一种结构简单、操作方便、适合普通莲农需求的低价位鲜莲子剥壳机,其整机长×高×宽为756 mm×878 mm×412 mm,质量为37 kg,制造成本约1 500元。测试了鲜莲子外壳的切透力、仁坚实度等机械特性,切透力平均值19.63 N、最大值25.8 N,莲仁坚实度平均值19.02N、最大值23.27 N,此数据可为莲子剥壳机结构参数和工作参数的确定提供参考依据。该机采用内充式空穴分离排料、二步滚动正位、振动切割、滚压脱壳的工作原理实现莲子剥壳。通过对4种不同切割方案的剥壳试验对比,结果表明:配置齿面防滑压板、具有滑切作用的悬挂式振动剥壳机构的剥壳率和剥壳质量均优于其他方案,其剥壳率为92%,整仁率100%,有轻微压痕的小于10%,能满足鲜莲子的剥壳要求。     

2005-2018年澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化及其驱动因素

[目的] 分析澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化规律和驱动机制,为该流域及流经国家的人与自然协调可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 以2005,2010,2015和2018年4期遥感影像为数据源,通过景观指数和GIS空间分析方法评价流域景观生态安全,采用双变量空间自相关方法明确城市、道路、河流、高程、坡度、气温和降水等因素对景观生态安全的驱动作用。[结果] ①2005—2018年,澜沧江下游流域的整体景观生态安全度呈先升后降的变化特征。其中,北部和中西部景观生态安全较差,东部、南部和东南部较好,但也有恶化趋势;②各景观类型中,景观生态安全度从大到小为：水域 > 林地 > 草地 > 耕地 > 建设用地 > 裸地。其中,林地和草地的景观生态安全度存在波动,耕地和水域的景观生态安全度一直上升,而建设用地和裸地的景观生态安全度持续下降;③距城市距离、距道路距离、气温和降水等社会和气象因素对景观生态安全时空变化的驱动作用最强,距河流距离也对景观生态安全的时空变化有一定解释作用,而高程和坡度等地形因素并非澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化的主要驱动因素。[结论] 应尽量降低由人类活动引起的生态环境负荷,积极发挥气象因素对生态安全的正向效应,促进澜沧江下游流域的人与自然协调可持续发展。     

深耕改善砂姜黑土理化性状提高小麦产量

为探明砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式,进一步挖掘砂姜黑土生产潜力,发挥地域资源优势,以周麦27为试验材料,在大田条件下设置免耕、旋耕(15 cm)、深耕(30 cm)3种耕作方式,研究了耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤容重、有机碳含量、无机氮含量以及小麦籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在小麦苗期和成熟期,3种耕作方式处理间0~10 cm土层土壤容重差异不显著(P0.05),但深耕处理显著降低10~30 cm土层土壤容重(P0.05)。在小麦苗期、越冬期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期,3种耕作方式对0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量的影响规律不明显,但深耕处理明显增加20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量;20~40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量均为深耕旋耕免耕。与免耕处理相比,深耕处理通过增加小麦穗粒数和千粒质量,最终促使籽粒产量增加16.33%。综上所述,在该试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上,小麦季30 cm深耕处理可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤有机碳含量,进而提高小麦籽粒产量,可作为砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式。     

Copper‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Responses of the Antioxidant System in Roots of Medicago sativa

The effects of various copper (Cu) concentrations on the antioxidative system in the roots of Medicago sativa were explored. The results indicated that the Cu content of the roots reached a value of 854 μg g^?1 DW at 10 μm Cu and a value of 4415 μg g^?1 DW at 100 μm Cu, suggesting that M. sativa has better ability to tolerate and accumulate Cu than other Cu‐bioaccumulators, and is a potential plant for phytoremediation. Treatment with Cu resulted in a significant increment in the levels of H₂O₂, O₂˙^? and OH˙. The reduced form of ascorbate and glutathione reached a peak at 30 μm Cu, and was followed by a sharp depletion to a lower level than that of the control. In contrast, the levels of the oxidised forms of ascorbate and glutathione showed a progressive increment with increasing Cu concentrations, suggesting that the antioxidant system was unable to cope with Cu stress at higher Cu levels. Under the Cu concentrations tested, the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased at lower Cu concentrations, and then decreased, reaching a maximum at 30 μm of Cu for APX and GR, at 10 μm for CAT, whereas the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) were gradually increased with increasing Cu concentrations. PAGE analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.1.5.1.1) revealed that one band is a Mn‐SOD and five bands are identified as Cu, Zn‐SOD, whereas Fe‐SOD isoforms were not found in the roots of alfalfa. Cu at 10–100 μm increased the intensity of constitutive isozymes of CAT, APX and POD, whereas it decreased the intensity of isozymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) significantly. The activities of lipoxygenases (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) were gradually augmented with increasing Cu concentrations, demonstrating that LOXs are probably involved in production of lipid hydroperoxides and superoxide anion. There was a continuous and pronounced enhancement in the activity of esterase (EST, EC 3.1.1.1) in roots treated with 10–30 Cu μm , whereas EST activity in roots exposed to above 30 μm Cu declined, suggesting that EST plays a protective role under lower Cu concentrations stress.     

咖啡因Na_2─EDTA对不同辐射敏感性作物质膜过氧化的维护效应

本文研究了咖啡因和Ｎａ２─ＥＤＴＡ辐照后处理对大豆和油菜７日龄幼苗质膜过氧化水平的生物学效应。结果表明，随着辐射剂量的增加，细胞膜透性、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶活性增大，而超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶则先增大而后降低。辐照后，大豆幼苗质膜过氧化程度高于油菜。咖啡因、ＥＤＴＡ后处理降低了两种作物的细胞膜过氧化水平和丙二醛含量，提高了脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活性，减轻了辐射对细胞膜产生的损伤。咖啡因和ＥＤＴＡ后处理对油菜质膜的保护作用强于大豆，ＥＤＴＡ的作用效应强于咖啡因，咖啡因与ＥＤＴＡ复合作用协同效应不明显。     

Impact of time lags on diurnal estimates of canopy transpiration and canopy conductance from sap-flow measurements of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus cathayana</Emphasis> in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Recently, canopy transpiration (E_c) has been often estimated by xylem sap-flow measurements. However, there is a significant time lag between sap flow measured at the base of the stem and canopy transpiration due to the capacitive exchange between the transpiration stream and stem water storage. Significant errors will be introduced in canopy conductance (g_c) and canopy transpiration estimation if the time lag is neglected. In this study, a cross-correlation analysis was used to quantify the time lag, and the sap flow-based transpiration was measured to parameterize Jarvis-type models of g_c and thus to simulate E_c of Populus cathayana using the Penman–Monteith equation. The results indicate that solar radiation (R_s) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) are not fully coincident with sap flow and have an obvious lag effect; the sap flow lags behind R_s and precedes VPD, and there is a 1-h time shift between E_c and sap flow in the 30-min interval data set. A parameterized Jarvis-type g_c model is suitable to predict P. cathayana transpiration and explains more than 80% of the variation observed in g_c, and the relative error was less than 25%, which shows a preferable simulation effect. The root mean square error (RMSEs) between the predicted and measured E_c were 1.91 × 10^?3 (with the time lag) and 3.12 × 10^?3 cm h^?1 (without the time lag). More importantly, E_c simulation precision that incorporates time lag is improved by 6% compared to the results without the time lag, with the mean relative error (MRE) of only 8.32% and the mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.48 × 10^?3 cm h^?1.     

黄土半干旱区集水造林条件下林木生长适宜的土壤水分环境

2000年在山西方山，采用LI－6200光合测定系统和LI－1600稳态气孔仪，对不同集水措施试验地的刺槐、侧柏和苹果的生理指标进行了实地观测，并辅以相同树种实地盆栽苗木水分胁迫条件下的林木生理指标观测，研究了林木净光合速率、羧化效率、水分利用效率与土壤含水量的定量关系。结果表明：维持刺槐、侧柏和苹果净光合作用的最佳土壤含水量分别为17.13%、15.9%和16.11%，三树种维持叶片水分利用效率的最佳土壤含水量依次为13.23%、10.66%和12.38%；羧化效率最高时的土壤含水量临界值依次为15.7%、15.5%和15.8%；土壤水合补偿点分别为4.55%、3.91%和4.49%。上述三树种蒸腾速率所适宜的土壤含水量分别为18.82%、19.70%和16.33%。根据集水造林的基本构思，可选取维持最佳叶片水分利用效率的土壤含水量临界值作为集水造林林木密度调控的土壤水分阈值和林木需水量的低限计算条件。这一指标可量化为刺槐10％－13％，苹果10％－12.5%，侧柏9.5%-11%。     

桑属几个种及品种细胞色素氧化酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,对四川桑属植物的6个种、两个品种及两个引进种的细胞色素氧化酶同工酶进行了研究。结果:(1)桑属内有共同的特征酶带;(2)桑属内各种、品种间的酶谱有显著差异,每个种都有不同的特征酶谱;(3)用组平均聚类法研究同工酶分类,在桑属植物分类上有一定的适用价值;(4)上述研究结果与过氧化物酶同工酶的排序法分类比较,除华桑有差异外,其它桑种、品种均表现规律性的一致倾向,为桑属植物分类提供了新的依据。     

CO_2施肥时树脂膜培养容器在文心兰试管苗培养中的应用

采用在培养室内CO2 施肥的方法 ,以C3植物文心兰 (Oncidium)品种‘AlohaIwanaga’试管苗为实验植物材料 ,分别以氟乙烯树脂膜容器 (CP)和三角瓶作为培养容器进行培养 .结果表明 :CO2 施肥时 ,树脂膜培养容器 (CP)内生长的试管苗在株高、叶数、叶长、叶幅、根数、根长、鲜重、干物重、干物率、叶绿素指数 (SPAD值 )等生长指标上高于无CO2施肥处理 .采用SSR法进行比较 (显著水平P≤ 0 0 5 ) ,其中在株高、叶长、叶幅、根数、鲜重、干物重等重要生长指标之间存在显著性差异 .以三角瓶为培养容器时其生长虽优于无CO2 施肥处理 ,但多数指标差异并不显著 .实验证明 ,使用CP作为培养容器 ,培养室内CO2 施肥对促进文心兰试管苗的生长和提高其品质效果明显 .     

水稻籽粒簇生材料Z1820簇生性的遗传分析

用簇生性亲本Z1820与无簇生性的正常亲本缙香1A、缙2A和缙4A杂交得F1代,让F1自交得F2,同时以缙香1A、缙2A和缙4A为轮回母本亲本回交得BF1,调查各世代簇生情况。结果分析表明：F1的簇生性为中间类型,F2、BF1的簇生性在簇生程度上产生分离;Z1820与缙香1A、缙2A产生的后代的遗传行为符合单基因不完全显性遗传,而Z1820与缙4A的遗传表现则有所偏离,缙4A可能具有影响簇生性表现的遗传因子。笔者首次使用簇生率描述水稻的簇生性。