Effect of trehalose on the gel-forming ability,state of water and myofibril denaturation of horse mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachurus japonicus</Emphasis> surimi during frozen storage

The cryoprotective effects of trehalose on fish myofibrillar protein were compared with those of sucrose, glucose and sorbitol. The frozen surimi with trehalose exhibited significantly higher Ca²⁺-ATPase activity through-out the storage periods, resulting in higher gel-forming ability than that of without trehalose. The amount of unfrozen water was significantly increased in the surimi upon addition of trehalose at any concentrations tested. The findings suggest that trehalose constructed bound water molecules in protein structure, consequently suppressed freeze-induced denaturation of protein and maintained gel-forming ability. An addition of 5.0% to 7.5% concentration of trehalose showed threshold behavior to increase the amount of unfrozen water and to prevent freeze-induced denaturation of protein. The effects of trehalose were almost similar to those of other sugars.     

新疆木灵藓属Orthotrichum Hedw.植物的分类学研究

根据历年采自新疆各地区的350号木灵藓属Orthotrichum 植物标本,在查阅大量文献的基础上,通过经典分类学方法,对新疆木灵藓属植物进行了整理、鉴定和分类。结果表明：新疆有木灵藓属植物5亚属、17种,包括裸孔亚属subg. Gymnoporus (6种) 、直叶亚属subg. Orthophyllum (1种)、疣叶亚属subg. Pulchella (5种)、圆孔亚属subg. Phaneroporum (1种)、木灵藓亚属subg. Orthotrichum (4种),其中高山木灵藓Orthotrichum alpestre Hornsch. ex B.S.G为中国新记录种;中国木灵藓O. hookeri Wils. ex Mitt.、东亚木灵藓O. ibukiense Toy.、短丛木灵藓O. pumilum Sw. 和卷叶木灵藓O. revolutum C. Muell. 为新疆新记录种。通过对新疆新记录种的生境、识别特征、采集地点、地理分布、海拔等信息的整理分析,绘制了4个种的线条图,并编制了新疆木灵藓属植物的分亚属和分种检索表。     

Effects of form of effluent,season and urease inhibitor on ammonia volatilization from dairy farm effluent applied to pasture

Purpose

With land application of farm effluents from cows during housing or milking as an accepted practice, there are increasing concerns over its effect on nitrogen (N) loss through ammonia (NH₃) volatilization. Understanding the relative extent and seasonal variation of NH₃ volatilization from dairy effluent is important for the development of management practices for reducing NH₃ losses. The objectives of this study were to determine potential NH₃ losses from application of different types of dairy effluent (including both liquid farm dairy effluent (FDE) and semi-solid dairy farm manure) to a pasture soil during several contrasting seasons and to evaluate the potential of the urease inhibitor (UI)—N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBTPT, commercially named Agrotain^®) to reduce gaseous NH₃ losses.

Material and methods

Field plot trials were conducted in New Zealand on an established grazed pasture consisting of a mixed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)/white clover (Trifolium repens L.) sward. An enclosure method, with continuous air flow, was used to compare the effects of treatments on potential NH₃ volatilization losses from plots on a free-draining volcanic parent material soil which received either 0 (control) or 100 kg N ha^?1 as FDE or manure (about 2 and 15 % of dry matter (DM) contents in FDE or manure, respectively) with or without NBTPT (0.25 g NBTPT kg^?1 effluent N). The experiment was conducted in the spring of 2012 and summer and autumn of 2013.

Results and discussion

Results showed that application of manure and FDE, both in fresh and stored forms, potentially led to NH₃ volatilization, ranging from 0.6 to 19 % of applied N. Difference in NH₃ losses depended on the season and effluent type. Higher NH₃ volatilization was observed from both fresh and stored manure, compared to fresh and stored FDE. The difference was mainly due to solid contents. The losses of NH₃ were closely related to NH₄ ⁺-N content in the two types of manure. However, there was no relationship between NH₃ losses and NH₄ ⁺-N content in either type of FDE. There was no consistent seasonal pattern, although lower NH₃ losses from fresh FDE and stored FDE applied in spring compared to summer were observed. Potential NH₃ losses from application of fresh FDE or manure were significantly (P?<?0.05) reduced by 27 to 58 % when NBTPT was added, but the UI did not significantly reduce potential NH₃ volatilization from stored FDE or manure.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that NH₃ losses from application of FDE were lower than from manure and that UIs can be effective in mitigating NH₃ emissions from land application of fresh FDE and manure. Additionally, reducing the application of FDE in summer can also potentially reduce NH₃ volatilization from pasture soil.     

Initial results from the Mini-TES experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover

The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) on Spirit has studied the mineralogy and thermophysical properties at Gusev crater. Undisturbed soil spectra show evidence for minor carbonates and bound water. Rocks are olivinerich basalts with varying degrees of dust and other coatings. Dark-toned soils observed on disturbed surfaces may be derived from rocks and have derived mineralogy (+/-5 to 10%) of 45% pyroxene (20% Ca-rich pyroxene and 25% pigeonite), 40% sodic to intermediate plagioclase, and 15% olivine (forsterite 45% +/-5 to 10). Two spectrally distinct coatings are observed on rocks, a possible indicator of the interaction of water, rock, and airfall dust. Diurnal temperature data indicate particle sizes from 40 to 80 microm in hollows to approximately 0.5 to 3 mm in soils.     

新城疫病毒西藏分离株的生物学特性鉴定及遗传进化分析

从西藏病死藏鸡中分离到具有血凝活性的病毒、经血凝抑制试验、电镜观察、PCR扩增和测序鉴定为新城疫病病毒(NDV),通过动物致病性试验证明该病毒对鸡具有致病性;分离毒株毒力测定结果显示,MDT为120h,EID50为10-8.44、IVPI为0.5、ICPI为0.6,均符合NDV弱毒株特征。血凝解脱及血凝素热稳定性试验显示:各分离株的血凝解脱时间短,血凝素热稳定性较差,符合NDV弱毒株的特征。F基因的序列测定遗传进化分析表明,西藏分离毒株之间的核苷酸序列具有99%的同源性,与疫苗株LaSota的同源性为90%;与国内标准强毒株F48E8同源性为81%。推导其氨基酸序列分析表明,各分离株的F蛋白的裂解位点氨基酸112 G-K-Q-G-R-L117,具有NDV弱毒株特征,与毒力测定结果相符。本研究首次报道了NDV西藏分离毒株遗传进化情况和生物学特性情况,为进一步研究高海拔、缺氧环境下NDV生物学特性变化研究奠定了基础。     

乌鲁木齐达坂城山区地衣物种多样性研究

为查明达坂城山区地衣物种多样性及其分布特征，在研究区不同海拔设置样地，开展了野外调查和室内鉴定分析。结果表明，达坂城山区地衣共有68种，隶属11目23科38属。其中，茶渍目、微孢衣目和黄枝衣目包含45个种（66.18%），占优势地位。地衣种类组成优势科、优势属和单属科、单种属情况明显，表现出达坂城山区地衣区系的特殊性和单一性。达坂城山区地衣主要由岩面生和地面生地衣种类组成，岩面生地衣占总种数的72.06%，地面生地衣占总种数的27.94%。壳状地衣在研究区占绝对优势，其次是叶状地衣和鳞片状地衣。该地区地衣共生藻类型主要为共球藻和球形绿藻，适应该地区干旱的生境条件。该地区地衣的分布具有垂直地带性特征，山地草原带的地衣种类最多，共47种，占总种数的69.12%；亚高山草甸带27种，占总种数的39.71%；高山草甸带25种，占总种数的36.76%。     

新疆2021年棉花生产剖析及未来种业发展方向

通过对新疆棉花生产和种业状况调研表明,新疆2021年植棉面积为250.62万公顷,其中机采棉种植面积112.642万公顷(占44.95％);皮棉单产平均增加10％左右,为2100 ～2250 kg/hm2,总产预计在510余万吨,较上年增加10余万吨;白棉占比、平均长度、断裂比强度、马克隆值和轧工质量均较上年有所下滑;棉价明显上涨,较上年涨幅为16％左右.种子是农业生产的基础和命脉,因此提出了"实事求是地直面不足、补齐短板,加大投入力度,建立更加完善的科技成果转化机制,提高育种创新能力"的未来种业发展方向.旨在促进新疆棉花产业健康稳定发展.