Protein improves health and performance of molted layers

禽业是巴基斯坦最大且仍在增长的行业.据巴基斯坦经济调查(2008 ～ 2009)的信息显示,家禽的总数已经由2006～2007年度的8.95亿增加至2008 ～ 2009年度的10.61亿,其中包括2 842万羽的蛋鸡.     

污灌对土壤-植物体系中养分迁移的影响

本文就污灌对土壤-植物体系中有机质及N、P、K等的含量变化的影响进行了研究。结果表明:污灌可使土壤K素的含量增加幅度最大为27.0%,但由于氨的挥发、硝化及反硝化作用易造成氮素损失。土壤-植物体系对有机污染物有较强的净化能力。0～60!的土层对有机质、N、P有一定的富集作用,有利于植物吸收利用。而植物对K素的吸收利用率较低。植物对养分的吸收积累顺序为叶>根>茎,P>N>K素。从不同植物的吸收情况来看,榆树对养分的吸收则明显优于苹果树和山桃。相关分析表明:表层土壤中有机质与N、P、K含量密切相关。     

Effect of simultaneous and sequential inoculations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne incognita</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ralstonia solanacearum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phomopsis vexans</Emphasis> on eggplant in sand mix and fly ash mix soil

Effects simultaneous and sequential inoculations of Meloidogyne incognita, Ralstonia solanacearum and Phomopsis vexans were studied on the growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of eggplants grown in 25% fly ash and 25% sand mix soil. Plants grown in 25% fly ash mix soil had lesser plant growth than grown in 25% sand ash mix soil. Inoculation of M. incognita / R. solanacearum or P. vexans caused reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in both types of soils but these pathogens in combination caused a greater reduction in than individual inoculation. Inoculation of M. incognita 20 days prior to R. solanacearum caused a greater reduction in plant growth than inoculation of M. incognita prior to P. vexans. Inoculation of P. vexans prior to R. solanacearum caused a lesser reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents than inoculation of P. vexans prior to M. incognita. Inoculation of R. solanacearum 20 days prior to M. incognita caused a greater reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents than inoculation of R. solanacearum prior to P. vexans. Galling and multiplication of M. incognita was higher in plants grown in 25% sand amended soil than with 25% fly ash soil. R. solanacearum and P. vexans had adverse effects on galling and nematode multiplication. Wilt and blight indices caused by R. solanacearum and P. vexans were 3 respectively. Wilt and blight indices were 4 when two pathogens were inoculated together.     

新疆不同植被类型土壤有机碳特征

准确评估不同植被类型的土壤有机碳库,对揭示土壤有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用具有重要意义。通过分析新疆地区10种植被类型的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的分布特征,估算了该地区的土壤有机碳储量。结果表明:在10个植被类型的0~100 cm土壤剖面中,SOCD垂直分布特征明显,呈逐渐降低趋势。新疆SOCD以针叶林最大,其值为63.86 kg·m~(-2),其他植被类型依次为:草甸、阔叶林、沼泽、草原、灌丛、高山植被、栽培植被、荒漠和无植被类型。土壤有机碳储量最大值分布在草甸中,为4.89 Pg,其他植被类型依次为:荒漠、草原、高山植被、无植被(裸地)、针叶林、栽培植被、阔叶林、灌丛、沼泽。在0~100 cm的土壤层,新疆地区土壤有机碳储量为16.4Pg。     

绿洲区不同苜蓿品种生长特征分析

对5个紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）品种各茬的株高、干草产量、叶茎比以及营养成分进行分析。结果表明,各苜蓿品种株高和干草产量随着茬次的增加而降低,但品种间各茬次存在差异;生长季内3茬的苜蓿株高和干草产量WL 323和三得利表现最好。各品种中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量第2、3茬高于第1茬,尤其是第2茬明显高于第1茬、第3茬,而粗纤维含量则相反;而品种间在主要营养物质含量方面则是三得利和WL 323表现最好。综合几项指标,三得利和WL 323在绿洲区表现特征最好,阿尔冈金表现不佳。从不同品种各茬次生产经济性状综合来看,第2茬的效应最好,可见,第2茬苜蓿是获得理想苜蓿干草的重要时期。     

Seroepidemiological study of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in animals in Saudi Arabia

Serological prevalence of IgG antibodies against Rift Valley fever (RVFV) virus was investigated in 22 major localities in five different regions of Saudi Arabia where vaccination against RVF virus (RVFV) is not practiced. The study excludes the southwestern region where a major outbreak of RVF occurred in 2000 and where annual vaccination of ruminants is practiced. Sheep and goat IgG-sandwich ELISA were used to test serum samples from sheep and goats, and bovine IgG-sandwich ELISA was used to test cattle sera. A nonspecies-specific, nonantibody isotype-specific ELISA was used to test camel sera. A total of 3,480 sheep, goats, cattle and camels with no previous history of vaccination against RVFV were randomly tested. All tested animals were negative for IgG class antibodies against the virus except four out of 1,508 sheep and three out of 913 goats, which tested positive. All animals were clinically normal and no evidence was found of virus activity in the studied areas. It is, therefore, most likely that those rare positive cases, which constituted 0.002% of the total animals tested, were either false positives or vaccinates smuggled from the outbreak zone. The need for regular monitoring of animals both within the outbreak zone of 2000 and other parts of the kingdom is strongly emphasized.     

Influence of biochar amendment and foliar application of iron oxide nanoparticles on growth,photosynthesis, and cadmium accumulation in rice biomass

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The majority studies used the biochar or nanoparticles alone in metal-contaminated soils while less is known about the combined use of these amendments in...     

Persistence and residual activity of an organophosphate, pirimiphos-methyl, and three IGRs, hexaflumuron, teflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Three insect growth regulators (IGR), the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) teflubenzuron and hexaflumuron and the juvenile hormone mimic (JHM) pyriproxyfen, as well as the organophosphate (OP) pirimiphos-methyl, were evaluated for their activity against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F), in cowpea seeds stored for up to 8 months post-treatment. The initial activity data showed that, based on LC50 level, teflubenzuron had strong ovicidal activity (LC50 = 0.056 mg kg(-1)) followed by pirimiphos-methyl (1.82 mg kg(-1)) and pyriproxyfen (91.9 mg kg(-1)). The residual activity data showed that none of the IGRs tested had strong activity when applied at 200 mg kg(-1) in reducing the oviposition rates of C maculatus at various storage intervals up to 8 months post-treatment. However, teflubenzuron reduced adult emergence (F1 progeny), achieving control ranging from 96.2% at 1 month to 94.3% at 8 months. Hexaflumuron showed a similar trend in its residual activity, ranging between 93.8% control at 1 month to 88.2% control at 8 months post-treatment. However, pyriproxyfen was more active than the CSIs tested and caused complete suppression (100% control) of adult emergence at all storage intervals. Unlike the IGRs tested, pirimiphos-methyl applied at 25 mg kg(-1) was more effective in reducing oviposition rates of C maculatus up to 8 months post-treatment. A strong reduction of adult emergence was also observed at various bimonthly intervals (98.6% control at 1 month to 91.6% control at 8 months post-treatment). The persistence of hexaflumuron and pirimiphos-methyl in cowpea seeds was also studied over a period of 8 months. The loss of hexaflumuron residue in treated cowpeas (200 mg kg(-1)) was very slow during the first month post-treatment (4.43%). At the end of 8 months, the residue level had declined significantly to 46.4% of the initial applied rate. The loss of pirimiphos-methyl residue in treated cowpeas (25 mg kg(-1)) was relatively high during the first month post-treatment (36.7%) and increased to 81.6% after 8 months.     

Effects of increasing dietary protein supplies on milk yield,milk composition,and nitrogen use efficiency in lactating buffalo

Nitrogen efficiency of lactating buffalo can be increased by providing dietary crude protein (CP) precisely to the requirement. Twelve lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes (6 primiparous and 6 multiparous) at 76?±?37.5 days in milk (DIM) were used in this study. The treatments were diets providing three levels of CP (% DM basis): (1) low-protein?=?11%; (2) medium-protein?=?13.1%; (3) high-protein?=?14.2% according to a 3?×?3 Latin square design. The period length of each treatment was 21 days and the total duration of experiment was 63 days. The diets were designed to provide similar energy. The nitrogen intake of buffalo increased linearly by increasing CP levels. Dry matter intake showed a tendency toward decrease in quadratic fashion, whereas milk yield decreased linearly in high-protein diet. No effect was observed on milk protein yield and content. Increasing the dietary CP levels increased plasma urea nitrogen, whereas glucose and triacylglycerol levels remain unaffected. Efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization to milk averaged 21% and showed both linear and quadratic decreases by increasing the protein supply levels. In conclusion, low CP level showed higher milk production with low plasma urea nitrogen and high nitrogen efficiency in this experiment.