绿液预处理对麦草化学成分及酶水解糖化的影响

主要探讨在不同温度、用碱量和硫化度条件下绿液预处理对麦草化学成分及酶水解效率的影响。随着预处理用碱量和硫化度的提高木质素的脱除率增加,但同时也加剧了碳水化合物的降解,导致麦草浆得率下降。绿液预处理废液的pH值小于9.5,弱碱介质可以减少碳水化合物的降解,同时避免禾草原料含量较高的硅溶解在黑液中,有利于废液的碱回收利用。预处理后浆料经过由纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶组合而成的混合酶液水解,纤维素酶用量从5 FPU/g增加到10 FPU/g时,总糖得率及转化率显著增加。在酶用量为10 FPU/g条件下经过48 h的酶水解后,温度130℃、用碱量8%、硫化度40%条件下的预处理浆料总糖得率达到最大值43%,总糖转化率为73.1%。     

Population growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pieris brassicae</Emphasis> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on different cole crops under laboratory conditions

The effect of different host plants including cabbage, cauliflower, mustard, radish, and broccoli on biological parameters of Pieris brassicae (L.) was studied in the laboratory at 28°C, 65 ± 5% RH and 12L:12D photoperiod. Duration of each life stage, longevity, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m), net reproductive rate (R ₀), mean generation time (T), doubling time (DT), and finite rate of increase (λ) of the cabbage white butterfly on the different cole crops were estimated. Differences in fertility life table parameters of the P. brassicae among host plants were analyzed using pseudo-values, which were produced by Jackknife re-sampling. The results indicating that cabbage might be the most suitable food for P. brassicae due to the shorter development time (16 days), longer adult longevity (12 and 9 days for female and male, respectively), higher fecundity (281 eggs/female), higher intrinsic rate of natural increase (0.1156 females/female/day), lower doubling time (6.00), lower larval mortality (70.33%), and higher yield of adult (30%). Therefore, it can be concluded from the present study that P. brassicae prefers cabbage for fast and healthy development with low larval mortality and highest number of adult yield than other cole crops.     

Scale insect pests on ornamental plants in urban habitats in Turkey

Ornamental plants play an increasingly important role in urban habitats in Turkey. Scale insects are a serious pest group that attack ornamental plants. In this study, a total of 67 species of Coccoidea belonging to 7 families, which are harmful to ornamental plants, are given in Tables 1, 2, and 3. These tables are based on the authors data and on bibliographic sources. The most numerous families are Diaspididae (31), Coccidae (23), Pseudococcidae (7), Eriococcidae (3), and the Margarodidae, Kermesidae and Astereolecaniidae (1). Twenty-one of these species are harmful to flowering fruit and deciduous trees, 5 species are harmful to conifers, while 15 species are important orchard pests. Their hosts and distributions are also taken into consideration.     

Electronic structure of mott insulators studied by inelastic X-ray scattering

The electronic structure of Mott insulators continues to be a major unsolved problem in physics despite more than 50 years of research. Well-developed momentum-resolved spectroscopies such as photoemission or neutron scattering cannot probe the full Mott gap. High-resolution resonant inelastic x-ray scattering revealed dispersive charge excitations across the Mott gap in a high-critical temperature parent cuprate (Ca(2)CuO(2)Cl(2)), shedding light on the anisotropy of the Mott gap. These charge excitations across the Mott gap can be described within the framework of the Hubbard model.     

Radioreceptor assay of human chorionic gonadotropin: detection of early pregnancy

A rapid, sensitive, and specific radioreceptor assay for the determination of human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone in plasma is described. Plasma membranes of bovine corpora lutea of early pregnancy, which bind biologically active labeled human chorionic gonadotropin, have been used as receptor. Pregnancy could be detected by assaying the gonadotropin in plasma samples obtained from day 6 to 8 after conception.     

Analysis of spatial and temporal risk of agricultural loss due to flooding in paddy farms

Evaluating agricultural loss due to flooding is essential for defining an appropriate risk level in flood management projects. This research introduces a method for computing annual damage risk for rice fields with respect to both spatial and temporal pattern of floods, while considering the effect of crop growth stages on the total damage. For finding the spatial pattern of floods, HEC-RAS was employed to derive selected physical parameters of floods of interest and then a physical loss function was used to calculate the unconditional loss over flood prone areas. A time-dependent loss function was introduced for rice to determine the effect of growth on damages derived through the physical loss function. Due to the seasonal nature of agricultural risk, frequency analysis was performed for seasonal discharges for each growth stage of rice. A method was introduced to use the concept of Expected Annual Damage in agricultural fields. A method called “AGEAD” was introduced for evaluating short-term risk for agricultural activities considering their inherent spatial and temporal characteristics. Results showed that damages evaluated by employing AGEAD were completely different from what was obtained by applying a flood of defined return period, i.e. from the results of long-term risk evaluation. While it is common to attribute a unique predicted loss to all flood prone areas, AGEAD application showed that different zones in flooded paddy fields were subjected to different amount of damages from 100 to 0%.     

Improving the Quality of Silver Carp Fish Fillets by Gamma Irradiation and Coatings Containing Rosemary Oil

The objective of this work was to study the combined effect of gamma irradiation and coatings containing 0.5% rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oil (RO) on the chemical, microbiological, and sensorial qualities of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fish fillets (SFF) during cold storage (4°C). SFF were divided into three groups: uncoated (control), coated with edible coating (without additives), and γ-irradiated (0, 1, 3, and 5 kGy) coated with coating containing 0.5% rosemary. Gamma irradiation at 1, 3, and 5 kGy with coating reduced the initial total bacterial count, psychrophilic bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria and prolonged shelf life of the samples. Coated samples irradiated at 1 kGy reduced the counts of Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, as well as eliminating Vibrio spp. and Salmonella spp., while coated samples irradiated at 3 and 5 kGy completely eliminated these bacteria. Combined treatment showed a slight increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances postirradiation during cold storage but had no effect on the total volatile basic nitrogen and trimethylamine contents, while a gradual increase in these chemical quality indices was observed during cold storage. Combined treatment had no adverse effects on the sensory properties of SFF. The increase in the bacterial inhibitory effect is caused by both rosemary oil and irradiation.     

Distribution changes of woody plants in Western Iran as monitored by remote sensing and geographical information system: a case study of Zagros forest

The status of woody plants in dry-land systems is a fundamental determinant of key ecosystem processes. Monitoring of this status plays an important role in understanding the dynamics of woody plants in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. The present study determined the dynamism of the Zagros forests in Iran using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System techniques and statistical science. The results show that the density of trees varied from 10 to 53 % according to the physiographic and climatic conditions of semi-arid regions. The best and lowest correlation between vegetation indices and forest density were obtained for the global environmental monitoring index (GEMI; R ² = 0.94) and soil adjust vegetation index (R ² = 0.81), respectively. GEMI is used to monitor land use changes over a 10-year period. Results show that 2720 ha² of forest have been destroyed by human interference and tillage on steep slopes during this period which also resulted in the loss of the fertile soil layer. GEMI determined the areas with a biomass of trees and could normally separate border regions with low biomass density of trees from regions without canopy cover. The results revealed that assessment of forest and vegetation cover in arid and semi-arid arduous forest regions using satellite digital numbers and ordinary sampling is subject to uncertainty. A stratified grouping procedure should be established to increase the accuracy of assessment.     

Clinical,virological, imaging and pathological findings in a SARS CoV-2 antibody positive cat

This paper reports a presumptive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a cat. A cat with respiratory disease living with three individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 showed bilateral ground-glass opacities in the lung on X-ray and computed tomography. The clinical swabs were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, but the serum was positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Interstitial pneumonia and prominent type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia were noted on histopathology. Respiratory tissues were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen, but the cat was positive for feline parvovirus DNA. In conclusion, the respiratory disease and associated pathology in this cat could have been due to exposure to SARS-CoV-2.