Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

CmRT1, a Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon in Castanea mollissima,is associated with a short-catkin mutation

Summary

Retrotransposons are major components of the genomes of most eukaryotic organisms and have resulted in the introduction of desirable traits in many crops, including fruit trees. Here, we describe a Ty3-gypsy-like retrotransposon associated with a short-catkin mutant in Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima), resulting in catkins that are < 20% the length of normal staminate catkins. A partial sequence of the retrotransposon, named CmRT1, detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, and its complete sequence were determined from the genome of Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) using improved Tail-PCR. CmRT1 was 10,067 bp in length and shared high homology in its predicted amino acid sequence and motifs with other Ty3/gypsy-like retrotransposons. The 5’ long terminal repeat (LTR) of CmRT1 contained a TATA box and several cis-elements that were predicted to be important for processes involving abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and auxins and in stress-mediated responses. Further characterisation of the transposition event that led to the short-catkin phenotype was performed using two pairs of primers that aligned with the flanking region of the LTRs. The expected PCR bands were observed only in genomic DNA from plants that showed the mutation. Finally, cloning and real-time qPCR analysis of an NADP-dependent alkenal double-bond reductase (CmADBR) target gene that was adjacent to CmRT1, revealed that CmADBR expression was significantly down-regulated in the short-catkin mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that the CmRT1 retrotransposon is responsible for the short-catkin phenotype.     

切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选机构设计

针对切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选环节果杂分离不清、损失率高、缠膜挂秧、筛面堵塞等难题,该文设计了一种风筛组合、无阻滞、大小杂并除的清选机构,其主要由上层筛(杆筛)、下层筛(多阶弹性筛和后筛)、抖草轮、偏心套、风机等组成。该文运用动态静力学方法研究了筛面物料的相对运动,分析了物料相对筛面上滑、下滑、从筛面跃起的极限条件,确定了振动筛主要运动参数的理论值域;运用达朗伯原理开展了交变载荷下筛体的受力分析,确定了筛体关键结构参数。该文对影响清选作业质量主要因素开展了试验研究,试验结果表明:影响清选机构综合作业质量的主次作用因素为主风机转速、振动筛振幅、振动频率,较优参数组合为主风机转速2 100 r/min、振动筛振幅12.5 mm、振动频率9Hz,此时清选损失率5.03%、荚果含杂率5.39%;清选机构作业顺畅性较好,较少出现缠膜挂秧、筛面堵塞现象。研究结论可为切流式花生全喂入联合收获机清选机构的设计提供理论参考。     

基于耕地质量成果的上海市耕地占补平衡运行机制研究

在对我国耕地占补平衡问题分析的基础上,结合占补平衡耕地质量内涵和上海市耕地质量成果应用条件分析,构建以数量平衡为前提的耕地质量占补平衡运行机制。该机制框架包括耕地质量评估和监测机制、占补平衡指标储备机制、占补平衡指标跨区使用机制和占补平衡实施经济保障机制等4个方面,以为完善耕地占补平衡制度提供依据。     

不同向日葵品种对黄萎病的抗性*

采用浸根接种法鉴定不同向日葵种质资源对黄萎病的抗性差异。结果表明：40份供试向日葵品种依据抗性划分标准共分为3类,其中中抗品种有5份如：‘118’、‘新葵杂5号’等;低抗品种有8份如‘767’、‘KJ003’等;其余27份供试材料均呈现感病;没有鉴定出免疫和高抗的向日葵品种。     

莴苣花叶病毒病的研究Ⅰ。病原鉴定

 由山东济南和泰安两市郊区大面积受害的莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.var.asparagina L.)上分离到一株病毒。莴苣上症状为系统花叶,畸型和褐色斑点。人工接种,在昆诺阿藜和苋色藜上产生局部枯斑和系统症状,千日红上呈不规则斑块,不侵染普通烟、心叶烟、曼陀罗、豇豆、菜豆和黄瓜。传毒试验证明经汁液和蚜虫传播,种子带毒。病毒稀释限点5×10^-1~5×10^-2;失活温度55~60℃;体外保毒期(22~23℃)24小时,经有机溶剂澄清,聚乙二醇沉淀和差速离心可部分提纯。病毒粒子线状,长约750毫微米;病组织超薄切片可见风轮状内含体。试管沉淀法初步测定与马铃薯Y病毒血清呈阳性反应。     

Effects of melatonin on maturation,histone acetylation,autophagy of porcine oocytes and subsequent embryonic development

Melatonin (MLT) is an endogenous hormone with roles in animal germ cell development. However, the effect of MLT on porcine oocyte maturation and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of exogenous MLT on oocyte maturation, histone acetylation, autophagy and subsequent embryonic development. We found that 1 nmol/L MLT supplemented in maturation medium was the optimal concentration to promote porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent developmental competence and quality of parthenogenetic embryos. Interestingly, the beneficial effects of 1 nmol/L MLT treatment on porcine oocyte maturation and embryo development were mainly attributed to the first half period of in vitro maturation. Simultaneously, MLT treatment could also improve maturation of small follicle‐derived oocytes, morphologically poor (cumulus cell layer ≤1) and even artificially denuded oocytes and their subsequent embryo development. Furthermore, MLT treatment not only could decrease the levels of H3K27ac and H4K16ac in metaphase II (MII) oocytes, but also could increase the expression abundances of genes associated with cumulus cell expansion, meiotic maturation, histone acetylation and autophagy in cumulus cells or MII oocytes. These results indicate that MLT treatment can facilitate porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development probably, through improvements in histone acetylation and autophagy in oocytes.     

Screening of cold-resistant seedlings of a Chinese wild grape (Vitis piasezkii Maxim var. pagnucii) native to loess plateau of eastern Gansu province,China, as rootstocks

Seedlings of a Chinese wild grape (Vitis piasezkii Maxim var. pagnucii) native to loess plateau of Eastern Gansu province, China, were evaluated to screen cold-resistant rootstocks in Lanzhou area. After 14-year investigation two selections of LDP-191and LDP-294 were screened as rootstocks for two table grape cultivars, ‘Fujiminori’ and ‘Red Globe’, respectively. The two graft unions demonstrated very high cold-resistance as well as good graft compatibility. Furthermore, they could survive through low temperatures in winter without soil coverage together with good fruit quality of the cultivars grafted.     

基于图形处理器的三维表面质量快速评定技术

针对三维表面粗糙度评定中表面测量数据量大且计算复杂度高,常用处理方法不能满足实时测量要求的问题,提出了一种基于图形处理器(GPU)的三维表面形貌测量数据快速评定方法,应用CUDA平台开发了基于GPU的并行处理算法,在此基础上实现了三维表面质量的快速评定。实验结果表明,该方法在保证计算精度的同时,运算效率提高了60倍以上,可满足三维表面质量在线评定的要求。     

温度对嫁接番茄幼苗生长及SOD、POD活性的影响

为探明华南地区番茄嫁接后的适宜生长温度,试验研究了3个温度处理下番茄嫁接苗的生长状况及其叶片内保护酶(SOD、POD)活性的变化。试验结果表明：20/17℃处理下地上部和根系生长都受到抑制,根冠比失调;30/27℃时植株出现徒长迹象,且整株生物量下降;25/22℃环境条件下,嫁接苗根冠协调,茎秆健壮,光合能力较强。相比于25/22℃环境,20/17℃的相对低温处理和30/27℃的相对高温处理下,番茄嫁接苗的SPAD读数分别下降20%和13%,叶片的SOD酶活性为237.58 U/(g?FW)和254.39 U/(g?FW),分别比25/22℃处理下的SOD活性低114 U/(g?FW)和97.19 U/(g?FW)。30/27℃处理下的POD活性高于另外两个处理,但差异不显著。综上所述,嫁接后的白天温度应控制在25℃左右,夜间温度为22℃左右。