黑龙江省农区与垦区农村居民点空间格局特征及差异

为探寻粮食主产区不同农业发展水平下农村居民点空间分布特征及差异,以黑龙江富锦市为例,采用GIS空间分析、地统计、景观指数方法分析农区与垦区农村居民点空间格局特征,结果表明:1)空间分布上,农区与垦区居民点均属集聚模式,最高核密度分别为0.93和0.73km~(-2),农区居民点密集程度相对较高;2)规模分布上,农区居民点规模呈全局低值集聚,表现为大规模、小规模集聚和随机分布3种模式;垦区居民点规模呈全局高值集聚,显著性较低,主要为大规模集聚和随机分布2种模式;3)形态分布上,农区居民点斑块形态空间分布格局表现出随机特性,空间分异格局中的随机成分较高;垦区居民点斑块形态变化具有连续性和规律性,由空间自相关引起的空间结构分异较为显著。结合农区与垦区居民点空间格局特征,提出差别化的居民点空间整治与重构模式,为城乡融合背景下乡村重构与农村居民点整理提供参考。     

不同熟期玉米品种对桂西北春、秋季播期的响应

[目的]探讨桂西北玉米生态区春、秋季播期对不同熟期玉米品种生长发育、产量及其构成因素的影响,为该区域玉米的高产稳产栽培提供理论依据.[方法]以近年广西农作物品种审定委员会审定通过的3个不同熟期玉米品种(早熟品种青青700、中熟品种桂单0810和晚熟品种华优168)为试验材料,春播设6个播期处理:2月20日(T1)、2月27日(T2)、3月6日(T3)、3月13日(T4)、3月20日(T5)和3月27日(T6);秋播设5个播期处理:7月28日(T7)、8月4日(T8)、8月11日(T9)、8月18日(T10)和8月25日(T11).分别调查玉米的物候期、生长发育情况、产量及其构成因素.[结果]随播期推迟,春播玉米全生育期逐渐缩短,其缩短时间主要体现在播种至抽雄阶段,抽雄至成熟阶段也出现不同程度的缩短;秋播玉米全生育期逐渐延长,其延长时间主要体现在出苗至抽雄阶段,平均延长天数占全生育期延长天数的59.6%.玉米的株高、穗位高在春播和秋播中随播期的推迟呈现低—高—低的变化趋势,不同品种、播期间存在显著差异(P<0.05,下同).春播对玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数和出籽率影响不显著(P>0.05),对早、中熟品种的百粒重和产量影响极显著(P<0.01,下同),其最大值均出现在T2处理;对晚熟品种产量影响极显著,最大值出现在T3处理.秋播不同播期对早熟品种的穗粒数、百粒重、出籽率和产量影响显著或极显著,最大值出现在T8~T9处理;对中熟品种出籽率和产量影响极显著,最大值均为T8处理;对晚熟品种穗长、百粒重、出籽率和产量影响极显著,最大值出现在T7~T8处理.[结论]春播玉米随播期推迟生育期缩短,早、中熟品种产量受播期影响程度大于晚熟品种;秋播玉米随播期推迟生育期延长,中熟品种的产量稳定性较早、晚熟品种强.百粒重是影响春播玉米产量的主要因子,出籽率是影响不同熟期玉米品种秋播产量的共同因子.桂西北春播玉米早、中熟品种的适宜播期在2月下旬—3月上旬,晚熟品种可略为延迟,但最迟不宜超过3月中旬;秋播玉米的适宜播期在7月下旬—8月初.     

Closing the nitrogen use efficiency gap and reducing the environmental impact of wheat-maize cropping on smallholder farms in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

A high crop yield with the minimum possible cost to the environment is generally desirable. However, the complicated relationships among crop production, nitrogen (N) use efficiency and environmental impacts must be clearly assessed. We conducted a series of on-farm N application rate experiments to establish the linkage between crop yield and N₂O emissions in the Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. We also examined crop yield, partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) and reactive N (Nr) losses through a survey of 1 529 and 1 497 smallholder farms that grow wheat and maize, respectively, in the region. The optimum N rates were 175 and 214 kg ha^–1 for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, thereby achieving the yields of 6 799 and 7 518 kg ha^–1, correspondingly, with low N₂O emissions based on on-farm N rate experiments. Among the smallholder farms, the average N application rates were 215 and 294 kg ha^–1 season^–1, thus producing 6 490 and 6 220 kg ha^–1 of wheat and maize, respectively. The corresponding PFPN values for the two crops were 36.8 and 21.2 kg N kg^–1, and the total N₂O emissions were 1.50 and 3.88 kg ha^–1, respectively. High N balance, large Nr losses and elevated N₂O emissions could be explained by the overdoses of N application and low grain yields under the current farming practice. The crop yields, N application rates, PFPN and total N₂O for wheat and maize were 18 and 24% higher, 42 and 37% less, 75 and 116% higher, and 42 and 47% less, correspondingly, in the high-yield and high-PFPN group than in the average smallholder farms. In conclusion, closing the PFPN gap between the current average and the value for the high-yield and high-PFPN group would increase crop production and reduce Nr losses or the total N₂O emissions for the investigated cropping system in Northwest China.     

Molecular mapping of stripe rust resistance gene YrH9017 in wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica introgression line H9017-14-16-5-3

Several new stripe rust pathogen races emerged in the wheat growing regions of China in recent years. These races were virulent to most of the designated wheat seedling resistance genes. Thus, it is necessary and worthwhile to identify new valuable resistant materials for the sake of diversifying resistant sources, pyramiding different resistance genes and achieving durable resistance. Here, we identified the resistance gene, temporarily designated as YrH9017, in wheat-Psathyrostachys huashanica introgression line H9017-14-16-5-3. A total of 146 F₂ plants and their derived F_2:3 families in a cross of Mingxian 169 and H9017-14-16-5-3 were used to evaluate seedling stripe rust response and as a mapping population. Finally, we constructed a genetic map including eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. YrH9017 was located on the long arm of chromosome 2A and closely linked with two EST-sequence tagged site (EST-STS) markers BG604577 and BE471201 at 1.3 and 1.8 cM distance, respectively. The two closest markers could be used for marker-assisted selection of YrH9017 in breeding.     

Cryopreservation of farm animal gametes and embryos: recent updates and progress

Cryopreservation has undergone tremendous advances and is widely used in animal production based on decades of study of cellular permeability, freezability and empirical generalization. Several improvement are particularly important: the cryopreservation protocol has been continuously refined over the years to achieve greater reproductive performance; cryoprotective agents are more effective and less toxic than previously; there has been significant innovation in advanced cryopreservation systems and carriers. Despite this, there are still problems that urgently require practical solutions, such as remedies for cryodamage and encouraging the use of frozen–thawed porcine sperm in pig production.     

Innovations of phosphorus sustainability: implications for the whole chain

Phosphorus (P) is a non-renewable resource, therefore ensuring global food and environmental security depends upon sustainable P management. To achieve this goal, sustainable P management in the upstream and downstream sectors of agriculture from mineral extraction to food consumption must be addressed systematically. The innovation and feasibility of P sustainability are highlighted from the perspective of the whole P-based chain, including the mining and processing of P rock, production of P fertilizers, soil and rhizosphere processes involving P, absorption and utilization of P by plants, P in livestock production, as well as flow and management of P at the catchment scale. The paper also emphasizes the importance of recycling P and the current challenges of P recovery. Finally, sustainable solutions of holistic P management are proposed from the perspective of technology improvement with policy support.     

玉米秸秆生物质炭基肥的结构与性质表征

为了解玉米秸秆生物质炭基肥的结构与性质,通过实验室自制玉米秸秆生物质炭基化肥,研究生物质炭添加量对炭基肥的形貌特征、pH、表面官能团种类和元素组分的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆生物质炭具有丰富的孔隙结构,化学肥料添加量越大,结构表面无序化程度越高;总孔容和平均孔径的变异范围分别为2.1～3.3 cm3/kg和2.7～3.2 nm,平均为2.8 cm3/kg和2.9 nm。生物质炭化后,C-O-C、-COOH、-CH3、-CH2消失,化学肥料并不影响生物质炭缓释载体原有的分子结构,只是影响其元素含量。与未加化肥的生物质炭对照相比,炭基肥中C、H元素含量降低,而N、O元素含量升高,变幅分别为47.7%～68.4%、20.2%～28.2%、59.5%～82.6%和164.0%～228.8%,平均为59.4%、24.1%、71.9%和196.5%;而元素组分的H/C、O/C和(N+O)/C都有所增大。总之,化学肥料存在于生物质炭表面和孔隙之中,其添加并未改变生物质炭的骨架结构和官能团种类,而元素组分含量和原子比(H/C、O/C和(N+O)/C)的改变将可能更有利于增强生物质炭基肥的保水与吸附性能。     

农用水泵轴承材料的研究与应用

水泵作为一种通用机械,应用广泛,除用于抽水外,还可用来抽送酸碱盐溶液或固体粒块的浆状物。由于工作环境差,大大缩短了水泵的使用寿命。通过对农用泵使用情况的跟踪调查,发现泵中轴承损坏是导致水泵寿命缩短的关键。另外,由于泵的轴承所使用材料单一,不可能完全承受泵的上述工作条件,是造成轴承破(磨)损的主要原因。为此,以一种塑铜合金塑料(聚四氟乙烯加青铜粉)为材料,利用冷压烧结成型法,研制出了塑铜合金水泵轴承。经大量试验研究证明:该材料提高了水泵轴承抗拉、抗压和抗弯强度,增加了硬度,摩擦系数小,承载能力强,导热系数大,润滑性能好,使用寿命长达1500h,完全可以推广应用。     

秦岭火地塘林区不同海拔不同林型土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O通量研究

二氧化碳(CO_2)、甲烷(CH_4)、氧化亚氮(N_2O)是3种主要的温室气体,温带森林土壤是CO_2、N_2O重要的源,是CH_4重要的汇,以前的研究大部分都关注这3种温室气体在时间上的变化,而很少开展在空间变化上的研究。2014年10月至2015年10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对秦岭南坡火地塘林区不同海拔(海拔1 560、1 585、1 963、2 040、2 160m,分别为落叶阔叶林、温性针叶林、温性针叶林、寒温性针叶林、落叶阔叶林)森林土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量进行了为期1a的监测。结果表明,CO_2全年都为排放,季节波动较大,总体上随海拔增加排放量减少,海拔由低到高(包括3种林型)年排放量依次为:19.12、12.53、11.78、16.95、14.87t·hm^-2;CH_4全年主要为吸收,在非生长季出现排放,季节波动幅度较大,总体上随海拔增加吸收量增加,海拔由低到高年通量依次为:-2.57、-3.60、-5.94、-5.59、-3.92kg·hm^-2;N_2O全年以排放过程为主,存在吸收现象,季节波动幅度不大,海拔对其通量影响不明显,海拔由低到高年排放量依次为:0.23、0.62、0.63、0.60、0.95kg·hm^-2。土壤温度是影响CO_2、N_2O通量的关键因子。5个样地森林土壤CO_2通量与土壤铵态氮含量(20～40cm)显著相关(P<0.05)。高的土壤NH_4^+含量对CH_4的吸收有抑制作用。在冻融交替期,降雨对N_2O的通量有明显影响。海拔由低到高5个样地的GWP(全球增温潜势)分别为:119.13、12.65、11.85、17.02t·hm^-2和15.07t·hm^-2。     

基于三温模型和热红外遥感的不同大豆品种蒸腾特征研究

蒸腾耗水是水循环中重要的水分存在形式之一,是准确量化水分利用效率的关键参数,对研究碳水循环关系及节水农业有重要意义。本研究以大豆品种‘晋21’(J21)和‘Union’(C08)为研究对象,设置两种水分处理[当地经验灌水定额的75%(A0)和37.5%(A1)],基于三温模型(3TModel)和热红外遥感,定量研究不同品种和不同水分胁迫下的大豆蒸腾速率,揭示其时空特征差异,从而为抗旱节水大豆品种筛选提供参考。研究结果表明:1)不同处理下大豆的蒸腾速率日变化趋势与气温、太阳净辐射和冠层温度的基本一致,呈先增加后减小的单峰曲线,且于午间达到峰值,峰值为1.2～2.5mm·h~(-1);各处理的大豆冠层温度和蒸腾速率均呈现出明显的空间异质性。2)J21与C08大豆的冠层温度A0处理分别低于A1处理6.55K和5.91K,蒸腾速率A0处理高于A1处理0.28 mm·h~(-1)和0.29 mm·h~(-1);大豆蒸腾速率与灌水量呈正相关、与冠层温度呈负相关。3)在相同水分胁迫下,大豆冠层温度J21低于C08 1.83～2.47 K,蒸腾速率J21高于C08 0.13～0.14 mm·h~(-1)。本研究与传统方法相比,所需要的参数较少,避开了空气动力学阻抗等难获取的参数,对农田尺度更具有适宜性,更能揭示不同农田环境下作物的蒸腾时空异质性,在农业水分高效利用和节水品种筛选上有十分重要的科学意义。