赣南林业可持续发展的探讨

可持续发展的理念是一种科学的发展观,注重经济发展的同时,也应注重生态环境和资源的可持续利用。在中国社会发展的过程中,林业建设发挥着重要的作用,对于生态环境和经济发展有着巨大的贡献。赣南是个山多地少的农业大市,保护和合理开发赣南的森林资源既能造福子孙后代,又能促进赣南经济社会协调发展。立足赣南本地的林业现状,阐述林业可持续发展对策。     

A calibration method of detecting soil water content based on the information-sharing in wireless sensor network

In agricultural production, there is contradiction between the cost and accuracy of detection during the course of acquiring soil water content (θ) online. This conflict is one of the core issues of automatic water-saving irrigation technology in agriculture. At the same time, capacitive soil moisture sensor (CSMS) has received considerable attention, for it can acquire θ with low cost and high precision, and meet the application requirements of wireless sensor network (WSN). But CSMS is vulnerable to the soil temperature (T_s) and salinity (S_s) in the measurement process. Therefore, this study took EC-5 sensor for example to establish water detection calibration models of soil temperature and salinity for single sensor, using Least Squares Support Vector Machines on MatLAB (LS-SVMlab) as the tool. On this basis, we explored the spatial variability of T_s and S_s, and then a method, which could be used to calibrate the output signals of sensors in multi-point network, was proposed based on the information-sharing (T_s or S_s) technology of WSN. Through laboratory experiment, we effectively reduced the impact of soil temperature and salinity on the single sensor. In example analysis, we investigated the detection precision and costs under different information-sharing radiuses (r). And the results indicated that the method we proposed based on the information-sharing technology of WSN could successfully calibrate the influence of soil temperature and salinity on sensors in multi-point network, and it was an efficacious approach to determine the balance between the calibration accuracy of moisture sensor and the investment of agricultural production. For example, while the calibration precision of soil temperature and salinity is respectively 1%, the costs can be reduced by 30%.     

防护条件下梭梭幼苗生长及养分吸收特性

以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘管件防护与传统移栽2种方式移栽的梭梭幼苗为实验材料,通过野外监测与室内分析,探讨了管件防护条件下梭梭幼苗的生长及养分吸收特性。结果表明:整个生育期内,管件防护梭梭幼苗的各生长指标与传统移栽苗相比,增幅最大的为茎粗,其次为株高。年周期内管件防护梭梭幼苗的生物量呈递增趋势,单株生物量累积可达45.25 g·株~(-1);净增加27.10 g·株~(-1),是传统移栽苗的1.38倍(P0.05)。管件防护梭梭幼苗体内的氮素、磷素、钾素含量呈先升高后降低趋势,在同化枝生长期达到峰值,分别为11.376 g·kg~(-1)、1.066 g·kg~(-1)和23.340 g·kg~(-1),较传统移栽苗高24%、15%和8%,差异显著;而其梭梭幼苗氮素、磷素、钾素的总积累量却呈递增趋势,年净增积累量分别为0.297 g·株~(-1)、0.027 g·株~(-1)和0.560 g·株~(-1),是传统移栽苗的2.23倍、1.72倍和1.65倍;各时期梭梭幼苗体内的氮素、磷素、钾素含量及总积累量均高于传统移栽苗。     

水分胁迫及复水过程4种牧草形态及其生理特征表达

草地作为半干旱区的主要植被类型之一，开展牧草对土壤水分变化响应机制的研究，对于该地区水资源的可持续利用和生态环境的建设均有重要意义。本文以选取半干旱区4种典型牧草作为研究对象，在对其进行干旱及旱后复水处理模拟自然降水过程的基础上，分析牧草的形态、水分生理、光合生理等特征对土壤水分变化的响应，结果表明：① 水分胁迫下牧草地上形态指标（单叶面积、地上干重）呈显著的下降趋势，而地下形态指标（地下干重、根冠比）则反之；复水结束后，牧草形态特征指标有明显的恢复，披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)和黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)出现了超补偿效应。② 水分胁迫下牧草水分生理特征表现为明显的下降趋势，复水后逐渐恢复，复水14~21 d后基本恢复对照组水平。干旱条件下，2种豆科牧草能维持较高的水势，属于高水势延迟脱水型；而禾本科牧草属于低水势忍耐脱水型。③ 水分胁迫下，牧草光合生理特征也表现为明显的下降趋势，轻微水分胁迫能够暂时提高豆科牧草光合能力；豆科和禾本科牧草叶片光合特性对干旱的响应机制存在一定的差异，面对干旱胁迫，豆科牧草通过及时关闭气孔来减少水分散失，而禾本科牧草通过延缓气孔关闭牺牲叶片水分的方式维持正常生长。     

杉木老龄林群落的种-多度关系研究

以杉木老龄林群落为研究对象,结合对数级数和对数正态分布模型,建立3 600 m2的大样地分析杉木老龄林群落的种-多度关系。结果表明:样方的平均物种数和个体数分别为6.86种和35.75株,各样方的物种数及个体数存在极显著正相关关系,说明杉木老龄林群落中生境空间对物种个体的承载能力,还未限制其物种数量。个体数-种序(p>0.05)和频度-种序(p>0.05)的分布曲线均符合对数级数分布;对数正态分布模型则能够较好拟合个体数-种序(p>0.05)的分布曲线,但频度-种序(p<0.05)的分布曲线则不适合用该模型来解释。随着尺度的增加,物种数和个体数的变异系数、二者间的相关性及物种数的方差逐步下降,个体数的方差却呈上升的趋势。     

我国当前“油荒”出现的原因与解决措施

近几年,我国多次发生部分地区、个别时段成品油终端销售短缺的现象。"油荒"并非由于我国柴油资源量不足,而是多种因素共同作用的结果。针对近期"油荒"现象及其特点,从我国油品市场定价与监管机制、供应端与需求端的特点和矛盾、成品油调运手段、油品保供有效能力等方面,深入分析了产生"油荒"的深层次原因。基于此,提出了5个完善我国成品油供应保障体系的解决措施:完善成品油定价机制、健全多层次储备体系、建立应急快速反应机制、加强供应端管理和强调社会责任、进一步增强有效保供能力。     

苹果属无融合生殖SERKs基因家族的克隆和表达分析

本研究利用同源克隆法以苹果属平邑甜茶和杂种后代叶片为试验材料,克隆得到4个SERK基因家族片段,并分析了SERKs家族基因在平邑甜茶和杂种后代不同器官和组织中的表达情况。研究结果表明:分离获得的4个SERK基因家族片段的氨基酸序列与模式植物拟南芥、烟草等植物的同源性均在84%以上,同时与其他物种的氨基酸序列进行Blast比对都具有较高的同源性;RT-PCR定量分析结果表明SERK1、SERK2、SERK3、SERK4基因主要在生殖器官中表达。因此,推测SERKs基因在平邑甜茶和杂种后代生殖发育过程中起着重要的调控作用。本研究结果为进一步揭示无融合生殖的发生机理奠定了基础。     

Association analysis for detecting significant single nucleotide polymorphisms for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance at the seedling stage in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.]

Tolerance to low-phosphorus soil is a desirable trait in soybean cultivars. Previous quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance were mainly derived from bi-parental segregating populations and few reports from natural population. The objective of this study was to detect QTLs that regulate phosphorus-deficiency tolerance in soybean using association mapping approach. Phosphorus-deficiency tolerance was evaluated according to five traits (plant shoot height, shoot dry weight, phosphorus concentration, phosphorus acquisition efficiency and use efficiency) comprising a conditional phenotype at the seedling stage. Association mapping of the conditional phenotype detected 19 SNPs including 13 SNPs that were significantly associated with the five traits across two years. A novel cluster of SNPs, including three SNPs that consistently showed significant effects over two years, that associated with more than one trait was detected on chromosome 3. All favorable alleles, which were determined based on the mean of conditional phenotypic values of each trait over the two years, could be pyramided into one cultivar through parental cross combination. The best three cross combinations were predicted with the aim of simultaneously improving phosphorus acquisition efficiency and use efficiency. These results will provide a thorough understanding of the genetic basis of phosphorus deficiency tolerance in soybean.     

Genotypic Variation for Tolerance to Transient Drought During the Reproductive Phase of Brassica rapa

Brassica rapa L. is a genetically diverse parent species of the allotetraploid species, oilseed rape (B. napus) and a potential source of drought tolerance for B. napus. We examined the effect of a 13‐day drought stress period during the early reproductive phase, relative to a well‐watered (WW) control, on subsequent growth and development in nine accessions of B. rapa and one accession of Brassica juncea selected for their wide morphological and genetic diversity. We measured leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, water use, and leaf and bud temperatures during the stress period and aboveground dry weight of total biomass at maturity. Dry weight of seeds and reproductive tissue were not useful measures of drought tolerance due to self‐incompatibility in B. rapa. The relative total biomass (used as the measure of drought tolerance in this study) of the 10 accessions exposed to drought stress ranged from 47 % to 117 % of the WW treatment and was negatively correlated with leaf‐to‐air and bud‐to‐air temperature difference when averaged across the 13‐day stress period. Two wild‐type (B. rapa ssp. sylvestris) accessions had higher relative total and non‐reproductive biomass at maturity and cooler leaves and buds than other types. We conclude that considerable genotypic variation for drought tolerance exists in B. rapa and cooler leaves and buds during a transient drought stress in the early reproductive phase may be a useful screening tool for drought tolerance.     

冬季防虫网内外环境因子变化对砂糖橘冬稍生长的影响

探索防虫网覆盖栽培技术对网室环境因子和砂糖橘冬稍生长的影响。对12月份40目防虫网内外环境因子、害虫和冬梢性能进行了检测,结果显示,40目透光防虫网防虫网能增加柑网室的温度和湿度,同时降低柑网室的光照强度和光照时间,冬季对柑橘害虫的数量没有影响,防虫网导致的柑橘园环境因子的变化对柑橘冬稍的生长没有影响。