中药大黄的临床应用与药理浅析

介绍近年来国内外对中药大黄的临床应用开发及其药理机制研究概况。研究证实,大黄对胃肠道疾病、急性胰腺炎、慢性肾衰竭、糖尿病肾病以及肝病腑脏疾病具有特效,而且大黄具有泻下作用,对心血管、缺血性大脑损伤有保护作用,对其抗肿瘤、抗衰老的功效研究也方兴未艾。     

Potentiation of porcine circovirus 2-induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by porcine parvovirus is associated with excessive production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha

This study investigated the potentiation of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by porcine parvovirus (PPV) and found it was associated with excessive production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Colostrum-deprived conventional pigs were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 or PPV alone or in combination (PCV2 and PPV). In vitro assay of TNF-alpha, obtained from alveolar macrophages coinfected with PCV2 and PPV, showed a significant increase in TNF-alpha compared to single infection of macrophages with either PCV2 or PPV alone (P < 0.05). All pigs inoculated with PCV2 and PPV developed severe postweaning wasting syndrome, whereas clinical signs (e.g., weight loss) were present but perhaps less severe in either PCV2- or PPV-inoculated pigs. Compared to the pigs inoculated with PCV2 or PPV alone, pigs inoculated dually with PCV2 and PPV showed significantly (P < 0.05) increased levels of TNF-alpha. Levels of TNF-alpha in the sera were reversely correlated with the body weight in pigs experimentally infected with dual inoculation of PCV2 and PPV (r(s) = -0.92, P < 0.001). These data suggest that a potentiation of PPV in PCV2-induced PMWS is associated with the excessive production of TNF-alpha.     

Changes in anthocyanin and isoflavone concentrations in black seed-coated soybean at different planting locations

This study assessed the altitudinal variations in the anthocyanin and isoflavone contents of six black seed coated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivars. The black soybean cultivars Heugcheong, Seonheuk, Geomjeong 1, Geomjeong 2, Cheongja 2, and Cheongja 3 were planted at Milyang (12 m above mean sea level — low altitude) and Muju (600 m — high altitude), Korea on 10 June 2005 and 2006. The total anthocyanin and isoflavone contents and individual components were investigated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All black soybean cultivars cultivated in high altitude possessed significantly higher total anthocyanin (p < 0.01) and isoflavone (p < 0.01) contents than those grown in low altitude. For anthocyanin composition, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and peonidin-3-O-glucoside contents were significantly higher while delphinidin-3-O-glucoside contents was significantly lower at high altitude. The composition of individual isoflavones, 6″-O-malonyldaidzin, and 6″-O-malonylgenistin contents significantly increased at high altitude.     

Fatty acid composition in each structural part of soybean seed and sprout

Fatty acid composition and C_18:2:C_18:3 of soybean seed and sprout is important for soy-industries to manufacture quality products. Six soybean varieties were analyzed by gas chromatography to determine fatty acid composition and linoleic to linolenic acid ratio (C_18:2:C_18:3) in seed, sprout, and their structural parts. In the case of whole seed and its structural parts, significant variation in fatty acid composition and C_18:2:C_18:3 were observed between varieties except palmitic acid (C_16:0), while all the parameters were significantly different for seed parts. Significant interactions of variety with seed parts were observed for oleic acid (C_18:1), C_18:2 and C_18:2:C_18:3. The highest saturated fatty acid, C_18:1 and polyunsaturated fatty acid were recorded in seed coat, cotyledon, and seed axis, respectively. The lowest C_18:2:C_18:3 was found in seed axis. In the case of sprout study, variety had significant effect on all the parameters observed for whole sprout, cotyledon, root, and except C_18:3 for hypocotyl. Culture days had significant effect on C_16:0, C_18:2 and C_18:3 in whole sprouts, while only on C_18:3 and C_18:2:C_18:3 in cotyledon. For hypocotyl, culture days had significant effect on C_18:1, C_18:2 and C_18:2:C_18:3, however, C_16:0, C_18:1, C_18:3, and C_18:2:C_18:3 were significantly different in root. In sprout, days and variety interacted significantly for C_16:0, C_18:3 and C_18:2:C_18:3, and C_18:1, C_18:2, C_18:3, and C_18:2:C_18:3, respectively for whole, cotyledon, and root. The significantly lowest C_18:2:C_18:3 (1.1) was observed in hypocotyl and root of Hwangkeumkong in 5 days. Knowledge of fatty acid composition and C_18:2:C_18:3 of seed, sprout, and their parts could be applicable for oil and other soy-food industries to make quality products.     

石油降解混合菌剂的筛选及降解条件研究

为了获得石油高效降解混合菌剂及优化的降解条件,从油污土壤、含油废水及原油中经富集驯化分离得到细菌68株、真菌15株,放线菌6株;将所分离的菌株通过初筛、复筛及两两混合拮抗实验,筛选得到Y-4与Y-12及Y-4与Y-37两组石油高效降解混合菌剂,其对石油的降解率均超过60%。同时研究了不同的初始条件对各混合菌剂降解率的影响。结果表明,Y-4与Y-12组合在初始pH 8.0、转速160 r/min、种子液以1:1接种0.5 mL、30~35℃培养7天,Y-4与Y-37组合在初始pH 7.5、转速130~160 r/min、种子液以1:1接种0.5 mL、35℃培养7天,加入的初始原油量越少,基质营养越丰富,其降解率越高。通过实验可知,在适宜的条件下2种混合菌剂的降解率均较高,并且混合菌剂对石油的降解率要高于单菌剂。     

Differentiation of citrus bacterial canker strains in Korea by host range,rep-PCR fingerprinting and 16S rDNA analysis

Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV) causes a severe disease in susceptible cultivars of winter wheat. The virus is vectored by the soil-borne protist Polymyxa graminis. Experiments were conducted to investigate whether SBCMV RNA2 could persist in seed from SBCMV-infected susceptible cultivars of winter wheat. Over 7,000 seedlings were generated from seed collected from two cultivars of SBCMV-infected winter wheat. Seedlings were grown in a glasshouse compartment and batch tested for the presence of SBCMV using real-time RT-PCR. The majority of batches tested positive for SBCMV, indicating an RNA2 transmission rate of 1.8–9.4% in wheat. The presence of the virus was confirmed by amplifying and sequencing a larger (400 bp) fragment of viral RNA2 in a sub-set of the seedlings testing positive by real-time RT-PCR. Root extracts from this sub-set tested negative for P. graminis using real-time PCR. The implications for disease epidemiology of this virus are discussed. The authors are British Civil Servants and as such their work is subject to British Crown Copyright. This means the exclusive copyright for the article cannot be transferred.     

Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization and chromosomal engineering of Brassicaceae crops

In Brassicaceae crop breeding programs, wild relatives have been evaluated as genetic resources to develop new cultivars with biotic and abiotic stress resistance. This has become necessary because of the diversification of ecotypes of diseases and pests, changing food preferences, advances in production technology, the use of new approaches such as in vitro breeding programs, and the need for economical production of F₁ seed. To produce potential new cultivars, interspecific and intergeneric hybridizations have been performed between cultivated species and between cultivated species and their wild relatives. Furthermore, interspecific and intergeneric hybrids have been successfully produced using embryo rescue techniques. In this paper, we review the interspecific and intergeneric incompatibilities between Brassicaceae crops and their wild relatives, and the production, characterization, and improvement of synthetic amphidiploid lines, alien gene introgression lines, alloplasmic lines, monosomic alien chromosome addition lines, and monosomic alien chromosome substitution lines. The goal is to provide useful materials to support practical breeding strategies and to study the genetic effects of individual chromosomes on plant traits, the number of genes that control a trait, their linkage relationships, and genetic improvement in Brassicaceae crops.     

Cytotoxic Effect on Human Cancer Cells and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Codonopsis lanceolata</Emphasis> Root using Different Solvent Fractions

This study was conducted to investigate cytotoxic effect, phenolic content, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging rate and nitrite scavenging rate from different solvent fractions of Codonopsis lanceolate root. At all extracts concentration, the cytotoxic effect on different fractions against human cancer cells was higher in n-hexane and butyl alcohol fractions than in the other fractions. The IC₅₀ value on HeLa cell showed the lowest by 62.70 μg.mL^-1 on n-hexane fraction, and exhibited the values of butyl alcohol fraction 341.36 μg.mL^-1, methylene chloride 598.33 μg.mL^-1, ethyl acetate fraction 860.44 μg.mL^-1, DW fraction 2896.82 μg.mL^-1. Total polyphenol content on different solvent fractions varied from 102.43 to 153.52 mg.g^-1, and that of ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest amount. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity showed that the increase was proportional to the concentration, and the scavenging activity also showed the highest in ethyl acetate fraction. The nitrite scavenging activity of each fraction at pH 1.2 was in the order of EA > BA > MC > n-H > DW, and the lower the acidity, the higher nitrite scavenging activity, and there was no distinct detection of nitrite scavenging effects of the pH range 6.0. The results of this study suggested that the extract of Codonopsis lanceolate root may assist in the potential biological activities, and it was found that the activity was different depending on the organic solvent fraction and the water fraction.