Molecular analysis of the major capsid genes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">g23</Emphasis>) of T4-type bacteriophages in an upland black soil in Northeast China

Bacteriophages (phages) are the most abundant biological entities on the planet and are important as the greatest genomic reservoirs in both marine and terrestrial environments. In this study, we analysed T4-type phage communities in an upland black soil by monitoring g23 clones in DNA extracted from seasonal soil samples with no fertilizer, chemical fertilizers, chemical fertilizers plus manure, and natural restoration treatments. PCR products with degenerate primers MZIA1bis and MZIA6 were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. In total, 46 clones with different g23 sequences were obtained. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that T4-type phage communities in the upland black soil were distinctly different from those in marine environments and in an Antarctic lake, which strongly suggested that T4-type phage communities in soil differed from those in aquatic environments. Among 46 clones, 18 clones formed clusters with the clones from rice field soils, 14 clones formed three new clusters, and 13 clones were left as ungrouped, which indicated that T4-type phage communities in the upland black soil were relatively similar to those in rice field soils but that specific communities also inhabit in the upland black soil exclusively.     

新疆棉田牧草盲蝽的空间分布规律

为明确新疆棉田牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis(Linnaeus)的空间分布型,于2012-2014年对新疆喀什地区棉田牧草盲蝽种群数量进行了系统调查,应用5种聚集度指数、Iwao m*-m回归方程和Taylor幂法则分析判定牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫及整个种群(成虫和若虫)在棉田的空间分布型,并利用种群聚集均数分析聚集原因。结果表明,牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫及整个种群的久野指数C_A0、负二项分布参数k0、丛生指数I0、聚块指数m*/~-1,表明三者在新疆棉田均呈聚集分布。且牧草盲蝽成虫和若虫的Blackith聚集均数λ2,说明二者在棉田的聚集是由环境因素引起的。Iwao m*-m回归分析结果表明,牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫和整个种群个体间相互吸引,分布的基本成分为个体群(α0、β1);Taylor幂法则分析结果表明,牧草盲蝽成虫、若虫和整个种群在棉田更趋向于聚集分布,聚集度依赖于密度。     

我国西南主要干旱河谷生态及其研究进展

在广泛查阅前人工作的基础上, 发现到目前为止, 对干旱河谷生态方面的研究主要集中在成土特征和土壤养分水分分布特征、植被状况及生态恢复上.认为干旱河谷生态研究的进一步工作应该注重人为因素的研究, 对干旱河谷区人口与生态环境间不协调的方面进行干预, 以实现该区域人口与生态环境的良性互动;加强景观生态学研究和多尺度集成, 利用景观生态学原理、方法来探讨干旱河谷景观结构和功能的相应变化, 寻求维持区域生态安全的关键机制.     

基于有害生物集群的聚类分析在入侵生物定殖研究中的应用

生物入侵防控的重要手段之一,是在外来物种入侵之前,识别出最有可能定殖扩散的潜在有害生物。基于入侵性有害生物集群的原理,聚类分析方法可以应用到生物入侵研究中。常用的聚类分析方法有自组织映射(SOM)、k均值和层次聚类法。其中,SOM已在国内外入侵生物定殖可能性的研究中得到了广泛应用。聚类分析可以进行风险排序,从而筛选出需进一步研究的潜在入侵生物。本文综述了近年聚类分析在生物入侵中的研究进展,并讨论了基础数据在风险评估中的地位。同时,围绕"大数据"时代背景,提出应用数据挖掘技术分析入侵生物数据信息的研究思路。将聚类分析与单一物种分布模型相结合,可以更有效的分析入侵生物定殖风险。     

稻田甲烷排放与减排的研究进展

水稻作为最主要的粮食作物之一,对保证粮食供应和社会稳定起十分积极的作用。但稻田也是农田甲烷排放的主要来源,对全球温室效应有重要作用。从稻田甲烷排放机理、影响稻田甲烷排放的因素以及稻田甲烷减排的技术措施等方面综述了稻田甲烷的研究进展,并提出了未来开展稻田甲烷的研究方向,以期为进一步控制稻田甲烷排放提供一定参考。     

进口原木携带的截材小蠹属昆虫的检疫鉴定

本文介绍了我国口岸进口木材中多次截获的截材小蠹属(Truncaudum Hulcr and Cognato,2010)昆虫,对口岸常见该属具有重要经济和检疫意义的种类,提供重要形态特征描述和图片,并对该属所有种类进行简单介绍,包括重要鉴别特征、分布等信息,以期为口岸一线的检测鉴定提供参考。     

日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病的发生规律及其与Q型烟粉虱种群动态关系

为有效控制日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病,于2014—2015年通过RT-PCR检测方法研究了济南市日光温室番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)的发生规律、其与Q型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci种群动态的关系及防虫网对该病毒病的防控效果。结果表明,春季日光温室番茄植株上Q型烟粉虱成虫数量呈增长趋势,5月下旬最高达到0.10头/叶,秋季日光温室番茄植株上Q型烟粉虱成虫数量9月上旬达最高7.42头/叶,后逐渐下降;日光温室Q型烟粉虱带毒率随着定植时间的延长而逐渐上升,之后维持相对稳定状态,即春季为20.00%~24.14%,秋季为30.00%~40.00%。日光温室ToCV发生与Q型烟粉虱成虫数量和带毒率密切相关,春季番茄最高发病率为12.00%;秋季番茄植株最高发病率为93.02%。番茄育苗和生长期用100目防虫网隔离可显著降低番茄植株带毒率。因此,秋季是日光温室ToCV防控关键期,覆盖防虫网阻隔烟粉虱可有效防治ToCV,推荐在日光温室使用。     

农业气象学的前沿性问题

农业气象学在生产潜力理论、干旱区气候和小气候、灾害等方面的研究曾深入到当时前沿性研究领域而产生了相当影响.现代科学和社会公众所关注的全球气候变化、持续生产力、水分胁迫、灾害预警与对策、界面水热传输、精细农业等方面热点,其中不乏农业小气候、作物气象学所研究的问题.农业气象学不能满足于重复的跟踪性工作,必须投入前沿性领域重视原创性研究,从实验升华到"唯象理论".     

天山野果林塞威士苹果和短距凤仙花叶斑病病原真菌的鉴定

为了解新疆天山野果林中塞威士苹果Malus sieversii与其林下伴生植物短距凤仙花Impatiens brachycentra两种植物叶斑病病原菌的多样性及同源性,采用组织分离法获得病原菌,基于rDNA-ITS序列构建系统发育树,并进行ITS序列BLAST同源性比对,对病原菌进行鉴定分类,并依据科赫氏法则测定致病性。结果显示,从新疆新源县天山野果林中的塞威士苹果及短距凤仙花病叶上共分离得到18株菌落形态各异的病原菌,分属于2属4种,绝大多数属于半知菌亚门。其中,链格孢属Alternaria sp.为塞威士苹果和短距凤仙花叶斑病病原真菌中的优势菌群。致病性测定结果显示,其中11株病原真菌对塞威士苹果具有致病性,7株病原真菌对短距凤仙花具有致病性;塞威士苹果所有的病原真菌对短距凤仙花均有致病性,而且短距凤仙花所有的病原真菌对塞威士苹果也有致病性。推测2种植物叶斑病可能由相同来源的病原真菌引发,短距凤仙花染病加剧了塞威士苹果叶斑病暴发,可能是野果林退化的重要原因。     

Automated Multifunctional Tillage Machine

High-quality soil tilling using a tillage machine depends on the well-run, coordinated operation of all its operating elements and units [1–3]. The considered structure of an automated multifunctional tillage machine allows, per run, carrying out vertical soil paraplowing to a depth twice exceeding the cultivation depth, subsurface loosening of the soil with cutting of the weeds, and additional grinding and harrowing of the soil to the depth equal to the cultivator width. The aim of this work is to improve the quality of the soil tillage due to automatic regulation of the specified depth of its tillage and increase the yield of the cultivated crop achieved by the fact that the first and third sections of the automated multifunctional tillage machine [4, 5] are equipped with a control unit of the actuating mechanism of their drive located in the cabin and with protective housings of the hydraulic cylinder rods, on the internal part of which are located local magnetic field sources (permanent magnet of electromagnet) closing the control circuit of the actuating mechanism. Each housing of the hydraulic cylinders is equipped with protective reed switches (sensors) installed at a predetermined adjustable distance from each other. The automated system of regulation of the soil tillage depth has a simple design and is reliable in operation, and the quality parameters of the machine increase up to 10% due to this.