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591.
592.
Dynamic wildlife habitat models: Seasonal foods and mortality risk predict occupancy-abundance and habitat selection in grizzly bears 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Most current wildlife habitat models, such as resource selection functions, typically assume a static environment, extrapolate poorly in space and time, and often lack linkages to population processes. We submit that more mechanistic habitat models that directly consider bottom-up resources affecting growth and reproduction (i.e., food) and top-down limitations affecting survival are needed to effectively predict habitat quality, especially in the presence of rapid environmental change. Here we present a general model for estimating potential habitat quality (relating to growth and reproduction) and realised habitat quality (accounting for survival) using basic knowledge of the species’ seasonal diet, predicted locations of food resource patches and regional patterns in mortality risk. We illustrate our model for a threatened population of grizzly bears in west-central Alberta. Bi-monthly potential habitat quality successfully predicted habitat selection by radio-collared grizzly bears, while multi-seasonal realised habitat quality predicted patterns in occupancy-abundance as measured from unique bears at hair-snag sites. Bottom-up resources therefore predicted patterns of habitat selection, while top-down processes (survival) were necessary to scale-up to population measures. We suggest that more direct measures of resources and environments that affect growth, reproduction and survival, as well as match the temporal scale of animal behaviour, be considered when developing wildlife habitat models. 相似文献
593.
Greg L. Gaulke Clark E. Dennis III David H. Wahl Cory D. Suski 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2014,40(1):129-140
One of the most severe impacts of urbanization on aquatic systems is the increasing presence of low oxygen environments caused by anthropogenic sources of pollution. As urbanization increases nationally and globally, it is becoming exceedingly important to understand how hypoxia affects aquatic fauna, especially fish species. In an effort to better understand the impacts of prolonged hypoxia on fishes, largemouth bass were held at 3.0 and 9.0 mg L?1 for 50 days, which has previously shown to be temporally sufficient to impart plastic phenotypic changes. Following the holding period, fish from each group were subjected to a low dissolved oxygen (DO) challenge of 2.0 mg L?1 for 6 h, and their physiological and hematological parameters were compared with control fish held for 6 h with no change in DO. There were no differences in the physiological stress responses between the two holding groups; however, the low oxygen holding group had increased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels following the 6-h low oxygen challenge compared with the high oxygen group. These results suggest largemouth bass exposed to chronic low oxygen conditions, either naturally or anthropogenically, may possess a beneficial advantage of increased oxygen uptake capacity during periods of low oxygen. 相似文献
594.
Daniel S. Swadling Greg J. West Peter T. Gibson Roger J. Laird Tim M. Glasby 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2023,33(1):56-69
- Although it is well established that human activities are linked to the loss of seagrasses worldwide, the influence of anthropogenic disturbances on the habitat fragmentation of seagrass meadows is less understood. This information is essential to identify how humans are modifying seascapes and what disturbances pose the greatest risk to seagrasses, which is pertinent given the rapid urbanization occurring in coastal areas.
- This study examined how the habitat fragmentation of an endangered seagrass Posidonia australis varied in relation to several anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. human population, marine infrastructure, terrestrial run-off and catchment land-usage) within 10 estuaries across 620 km of coastline in New South Wales, Australia.
- When comparing between estuaries, the fragmentation of P. australis meadows was significantly greater in estuaries adjacent to highly populated metropolitan centres – generally in the Greater Sydney region. At sites within estuaries, the density of boat moorings was the most important predictor of habitat fragmentation, but there was also evidence of higher fragmentation with increased numbers of jetties and oyster aquaculture leases.
- These results suggest that the fragmentation of seagrass meadows will become more pervasive as the human population continues to grow and estuarine development increases. Strategies to mitigate anthropogenic disturbances on seagrass meadow fragmentation could include prohibiting the construction of boat moorings and other artificial structures in areas where seagrasses are present or promoting environmentally friendly designs for marine infrastructure. This knowledge will support ongoing management actions attempting to balance coastal development and the conservation of seagrasses.