Indirect connectivity estimates of amphibian breeding wetlands from spatially explicit occupancy models

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Comment on "Retrieval practice produces more learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping"

Karpicke and Blunt (Reports, 11 February 2011, p. 772) reported that retrieval practice produces greater gains in learning than elaborative studying with concept mapping and concluded that this strategy is a powerful way to promote meaningful learning of complex concepts commonly found in science education. We question their findings on methodological and epistemological grounds.     

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate: function in photoreceptors

Inactivation of adenylate cyclase in outer segments of retinal photoreceptor cells is proportional to the bleaching of rhodopsin. Membranes of the outer segments also contain a particulate, light-insensitive phosphodiesterase of high specific activity. In electrophysiological experiments, application of cyclic adenosine monophosphate along with a methylxanthine mimics the effects of illumination on the photoreceptor cell of the compound eye of Limulus.     

Evaluation of signal detection algorithms within the Elanco Animal Health Pharmacovigilance database

Statistical algorithms for detecting safety signals are beginning to be applied to Animal Health Pharmacovigilance (PV) databases. How these signal detection algorithms (SDAs) perform in an animal health PV database is the subject of this report. Statistical methods and SDAs were assessed against a set of known signals in order to identify which SDAs were most appropriate for signal detection using the Elanco Animal Health PV database. A reference set of adverse events that should signal was created for 31 products across four species. Nine SDAs based on five disproportionality statistical methods were evaluated against the reference set. The performance metrics were sensitivity, precision, specificity, accuracy, and F score. For bovine and porcine products, the Observed‐to‐Expected (O/E) SDA was the closest in terms of geometric distance to 100% sensitivity and 100% precision. For canine and feline products, the Information Component (IC) SDA was geometrically closest to 100% sensitivity and 100% precision. Principal Component Analysis confirmed that the O/E and IC SDAs were unique performers with respect to one another and other SDAs. The performance of the SDAs was dependent on the choice of the statistical method with differences seen between animal species.     

mRNA expression of canine ATP10C, a P4-type ATPase, is positively associated with body condition score

Mouse and human Atp10c genes are strong candidates for changes in bodyweight and glucose homeostasis. Using comparative genomic analysis, a novel canine P4-type ATPase, ATP10C, was identified. Expression of ATP10C was compared between sex-matched lean (body condition score, BCS<8; n=7) and obese (BCS?8, n=8) client-owned dogs of comparable ages. Canine ATP10C is highly expressed in visceral and subcutaneous fat at approximately 3-fold levels compared to the omental adipose depot. There was a 5-fold significant increase (P<0.0001) in mRNA expression of ATP10C in dogs with a BCS?8.     

Chemotherapy of synovial cell sarcoma in a dog

A synovial cell sarcoma of the tarsus in a 6-year-old dog was treated with doxorubicin HCl and cyclophosphamide. The tumor regressed after treatment. There was no recurrence 3 years after initiation of treatment. Previously, synovial cell sarcoma has not been reported to be responsive to chemotherapeutic agents, and the treatment of choice has been amputation.     

Clinical management of tumours in geriatric dogs and cats: systemic effects of tumours and paraneoplastic syndromes

There are many clinical presentations of neoplastic disease in the dog and cat. Some relate to the presence of a solid mass but many relate to the systemic effect that the tumour has on the animal. This paper covers the broad categories of the systemic metabolic and haematological effects that are associated with tumours in the dog and cat.     

Virulence of bluetongue virus for British sheep

A South African isolate of bluetongue virus type 3 was inoculated intradermally into three different breeds of British sheep under conditions designed to test its virulence in animals under stress. All animals inoculated developed a pyrexia and viraemia followed by clinical evidence of bluetongue disease. Marked alterations in serum enzyme levels, in particular of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and aldolase occurred in the more severely affected animals. Nine out of the 12 inoculated animals subsequently died. No major differences in response could be detected in the different breeds of sheep nor in the stressed compared with the unstressed groups. The virulence of this bluetongue virus isolate was thereby confirmed and its potential risk to the British sheep industry. Consequently, stringent import regulations must be maintained to prevent its entry into Britain.     

Sex Attractant of Female Dermestid Beetle Trogoderma inclusum Le Conte

Two components of the sex attractant of a female dermestid beetle Trogoderma inclusum Le Conte were identified. They are (-)-14-methyl-cis-8-hexadecen-1-ol and (-)-methyl-14-methyl-cis-8-hexadecenoate. Other Trogoderma species also respond to the compounds.