Gravity Waves in Jupiter's Thermosphere

The Atmosphere Structure Instrument on the Galileo probe detected wavelike temperature fluctuations superimposed on a 700-kelvin temperature increase in Jupiter's thermosphere. These fluctuations are consistent with gravity waves that are viscously damped in the thermosphere. Moreover, heating by these waves can explain the temperature increase measured by the probe. This heating mechanism should be applicable to the thermospheres of the other giant planets and may help solve the long-standing question of the source of their high thermospheric temperatures.     

起垄方式和种植密度对浓香型有机烟叶产量和品质的影响

为探讨浓香型有机烟叶适宜的栽培方法,在河南省叶县浓香型有机烟叶种植基地,通过田间小区随机试验,以纯施化肥处理为对照（CK）,研究了起垄方式（一垄单行和一垄双行）和种植密度（16500株/hm2和20000株/hm2）对有机烟叶产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与纯化肥处理相比,有机烟叶处理产量显著降低,上等烟比例、中上等烟比例和均价显著提高;4个有机烟处理间上等烟比例、中上等烟比例、均价无显著差异,产量和产值以一垄双行＋20000株/hm2处理最高（分别为2351.45 kg/hm2和58621.65元/hm2）,显著高于其他3个处理。与纯化肥处理相比,有机烟叶外观质量、常规化学成分、感官质量显著改善;但4个有机烟处理之间外观质量、常规化学成分无显著差异,烟感官质量方面以一垄双行＋20000株/hm2处理最好,一垄单行＋20000株/hm2处理最差。综合考虑烟农经济效益和烟叶品质,在河南浓香型烟区,有机烟叶栽培以一垄双行＋种植密度20000株/hm2比较合适。     

Thermal Structure of Jupiter's Upper Atmosphere Derived from the Galileo Probe

Temperatures in Jupiter's atmosphere derived from Galileo Probe deceleration data increase from 109 kelvin at the 175-millibar level to 900 ± 40 kelvin at 1 nanobar, consistent with Voyager remote sensing data. Wavelike oscillations are present at all levels. Vertical wavelengths are 10 to 25 kilometers in the deep isothermal layer, which extends from 12 to 0.003 millibars. Above the 0.003-millibar level, only 90- to 270- kilometer vertical wavelengths survive, suggesting dissipation of wave energy as the probable source of upper atmosphere heating.     

Influence of Superovulatory Protocols on In Vitro Production of Nellore (Bos indicus) Embryos

There are indications in the literature that delaying the period between ovarian superestimulation and ovum pick up (OPU) would induce follicles to a condition of initial atresia, which could be beneficial to oocyte development. In this work, we compared three protocols for OPU and in vitro production (IVP) of embryos, in Nellore cattle. Nellore cows (n = 18) were randomly allocated in three groups: Group 1 (OPU), Group 2 [Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and OPU] and Group 3 (FSH deprivation and OPU). Three OPUs were performed, and the animals were switched to a different group each time (crossover), in such a way that at the end of the experiment all cows received the 3 protocols. At random stage of the oestrous cycle (D‐2), all follicles ≥ 6 mm were aspirated to induce a new follicular wave 2 days afterwards (D0). In Group 1, OPU was performed on D2 and oocytes were processed to IVP. In Group 2, starting on D0, cows were superstimulated (FSH, Folltropin^®, 30 mg administered daily, i.m., during three consecutive days, total dose = 180 mg), and 6 h after the last FSH dose, they received exogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) (12.5 mg, i.m., Lutropin^®, D3). The OPU was performed 6 h after LH administration, i.e. 12 h after the last dose of FSH. Animals in Group 3 received the same treatment as those in Group 2, except that LH was administered 42 h after the last dose of FSH, and OPU occurred 6 h later. Therefore, in this group, follicles were deprived of FSH at 48 h. Both cleavage and blastocyst rates were similar (p > 0.05, anova ) among oocytes from Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively: 77.4% (144/185) and 42.70% (79/185); 75.54% (105/139) and 31.65% (44/139); 63.52% (101/159) and 33.33% (53/159). However, hatched blastocyst rate was higher (p < 0.01) in Group 1 (30.27%, 56/185) when compared with Group 2 (11.51%, 16/139) or 3 (15.72%, 25/159). It is concluded that, contrary to previous work on European breeds (Bos taurus), ovarian superstimulation associated with deprivation of FSH and OPU (Group 3) did not increase IVP of Nellore embryos (Bos indicus). On the contrary, the highest hatched blastocyst rates were observed in oocytes from non‐superstimulated cows.     

Effect of DHA Containing Oils and Powders on Baking Performance and Quality of White Pan Bread

Different sources of DHA and/or n-3 (omega-3) rich oils, oil emulsions and microencapsulated (ME) powders were tested at two different concentrations with the aim of producing fortified pan bread. Three oils (S-algae, fish and flax), two emulsified algae oils (Emulsion-P and Emulsion-L) and two ME oils (ME-S algae and ME-C algae) were compared. The DHA and n-3 oils replaced part of the shortening in order to obtain 32 g slices enriched with 25 or 50 mg DHA, 35 or 70 mg total n-3 from fish oil and 90 or 180 mg linolenic from flax oil. Addition of oils did not significantly affect water absorption but reduced mix time whereas addition of the ME oils decreased both water absorption and mix time. Breads enriched with flax or ME-C oils had lower volume and higher density than the control, ME-S algae, Emulsion-P and Emulsion-L breads. All breads lost texture throughout 14 d storage, the major changes occurred after 3 d. The ME-S algae oil bread had the best softness after 14 d storage whereas breads produced from ME-S algae or ME-C algae oils had the poorest texture. Sensory evaluations indicated that the color of the ME-S algae oil fortified bread was significantly less preferred than the other loaves. After 6 d the control bread had higher acceptability compared with the rest of the breads enriched with high levels of DHA or omega-3 oils. The high-enriched fish oil bread was well accepted during the first days of storage but had the least preferred acceptability after 13 d. The best fortified breads were those supplemented with S-algae oil, Emulsion-P and Emulsion-L oils.     

四种大黄属高山药用植物蒽醌类成分含量的测定

为比较掌叶大黄、喜马拉雅大黄、菱叶大黄、头序大黄4种高山药用大黄中蒽醌类成分含量的差异,采用紫外分光光度法,以大黄素为对照品,0.5%醋酸镁-甲醇溶液为显色剂,测定了样品溶液在510nm处的吸光度。结果表明,4种大黄中总蒽醌和结合蒽醌的含量为喜马拉雅大黄掌叶大黄菱叶大黄头序大黄,游离蒽醌的含量为喜马拉雅大黄掌叶大黄头序大黄菱叶大黄,与藏药用大黄的等级划分基本一致。     

Dynamics of Moraxella bovis infection and humoral immune response to bovine herpes virus type 1 during a natural outbreak of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in beef calves

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is an acute disease caused by Moraxella bovis (Mb). Several factors may predispose animals to an IBK outbreak; one commonly observed is infection with bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of BHV-1 virus infection and its relation with clinical cases of IBK in weaned calves from a beef herd with a high prevalence of lesions caused by Mb. Sampling was carried out in six stages and included conjunctival swabs for isolating Mb as well as blood samples for identifying antibodies specific for BHV-1. A score for IBK lesions after observing each eye was determined. The findings of this study showed a high prevalence of BHV-1 virus infection (100% of animals were infected at the end of the trial); 67% of animals were culture-positive for Mb, but low rates of clinical IBK (19% of calves affected) were detected at the end of the trial. These results suggest that infection with BHV-1 did not predispose these animals to IBK, and that Mb infection produced clinical and subclinical disease in the absence of BHV-1 co-infection.     

弱光条件下东方百合的生长发育及光合特性研究

为了探明弱光条件下东方百合的生长发育及光合特性,为我国北方地区东方百合切花的耐弱光品种选育提供依据,以东方百合品种‘Marcopolo’、‘Tiber’、‘Constanta’和‘Acapulco’为试验材料,在整个生长季对其进行不同遮光处理(正常光照、50%遮光、75%遮光),测定不同光强下各品种光合参数及生长发育指标。结果表明:75%遮光条件下东方百合各品种的净光合速率(Pn)、光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)降低,表观量子效率(AQY)下降,叶绿素含量增高,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值降低,比叶质量减小,叶面积增大,切花观赏品质有所下降;不同百合品种的耐弱光性不同,弱光下‘Marcopolo’的LCP、Rd较低,比叶质量较小,AQY变化幅度小,表现出较强的耐弱光性;相反地,‘Acapulco’则对弱光较敏感。