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341.
Adler I Trombka J Gerard J Lowman P Schmadebeck R Blodget H Eller E Yin L Lamothe R Osswald G Gorenstein P Bjorkholm P Gursky H Harris B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,177(4045):256-259
The lunar surface was mapped with respect to magnesium, aluminum, and silicon as aluminum/ silicon and magnesium/ silicon intensity ratios along the projected ground tracks swept out by the orbiting Apollo 16 spacecraft. The results confirm the observations made during the Apollo 15 flight and provide new data for a number of features not covered before. The data are consistent with the idea that the moon has a widespread differentiated crust (the highlands). The aluminum/ silicon and magnesium/ silicon concentration ratios correspond to those for anorthositic gabbros through gabbroic anorthosites or feldspathic basalts. The x-ray results suggest the occurrence of this premare crust or material similar to it at the Descartes landing site. 相似文献
342.
J.?L.?WillersEmail author J.?N.?Jenkins W.?L.?Ladner P.?D.?Gerard D.?L.?Boykin K.?B.?Hood P.?L.?McKibben S.?A.?Samson M.?M.?Bethel 《Precision Agriculture》2005,6(5):431-452
When insect population density varies within the same cotton field, estimation of abundance is difficult. Multiple population
densities of the same species occur because cotton fields (due to edaphic and environmental effects) are apportioned into
various habitats that are colonized at different rates. These various habitats differ temporally in their spatial distributions,
exhibiting varying patterns of interspersion, shape and size. Therefore, when sampling multiple population densities without
considering the influence of habitat structure, the estimated population mean represents a summary of diverse population distributions
having different means and variances. This single estimate of mean abundance can lead to pest management decisions that are
incorrect because it may over- or under-estimate pest density in different areas of the field. Delineation of habitat classes
is essential in order to make local control decisions. Within large commercial cotton fields, it is too laborious for observers
on the ground to map habitat boundaries, but remote sensing can efficiently create geo-referenced, stratified maps of cotton
field habitats. By employing these maps, a simple random sampling design and larger sample unit sizes, it is possible to estimate
pest abundance in each habitat without large numbers of samples. Estimates of pest abundance by habitat, when supplemented
with ecological precepts and consultant/producer experience, provide the basis for spatial approaches to pest control. Using
small sample sizes, the integrated sampling methodology maps the spatial abundance of a cotton insect pest across several
large cotton fields. 相似文献
343.
Quantum reflection allows an atom or molecule to be reflected from a solid before it reaches the region where it would encounter the repulsive potential of the surface. We observed nondestructive scattering of the helium dimer (He(2)), which has a binding energy of 10(-7) electron volt, from a solid reflection grating. We scattered a beam containing the dimer as well as atomic helium and larger clusters, but could differentiate the dimer by its diffraction angle. Helium dimers are quantum reflected tens of nanometers above the surface, where the surface-induced forces are too weak to dissociate the fragile bond. 相似文献
344.
345.
Gilbert MT Tomsho LP Rendulic S Packard M Drautz DI Sher A Tikhonov A Dalén L Kuznetsova T Kosintsev P Campos PF Higham T Collins MJ Wilson AS Shidlovskiy F Buigues B Ericson PG Germonpré M Götherström A Iacumin P Nikolaev V Nowak-Kemp M Willerslev E Knight JR Irzyk GP Perbost CS Fredrikson KM Harkins TT Sheridan S Miller W Schuster SC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5846):1927-1930
Although the application of sequencing-by-synthesis techniques to DNA extracted from bones has revolutionized the study of ancient DNA, it has been plagued by large fractions of contaminating environmental DNA. The genetic analyses of hair shafts could be a solution: We present 10 previously unexamined Siberian mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) mitochondrial genomes, sequenced with up to 48-fold coverage. The observed levels of damage-derived sequencing errors were lower than those observed in previously published frozen bone samples, even though one of the specimens was >50,000 14C years old and another had been stored for 200 years at room temperature. The method therefore sets the stage for molecular-genetic analysis of museum collections. 相似文献
346.
Howlett NG Taniguchi T Olson S Cox B Waisfisz Q De Die-Smulders C Persky N Grompe M Joenje H Pals G Ikeda H Fox EA D'Andrea AD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5581):606-609
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility disorder characterized by cellular hypersensitivity to mitomycin C (MMC). Six FA genes have been cloned, but the gene or genes corresponding to FA subtypes B and D1 remain unidentified. Here we show that cell lines derived from FA-B and FA-D1 patients have biallelic mutations in BRCA2 and express truncated BRCA2 proteins. Functional complementation of FA-D1 fibroblasts with wild-type BRCA2 complementary DNA restores MMC resistance. Our results link the six cloned FA genes with BRCA1 and BRCA2 in a common pathway. Germ-line mutation of genes in this pathway may result in cancer risks similar to those observed in families with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. 相似文献
347.
Damsté JS Muyzer G Abbas B Rampen SW Massé G Allard WG Belt ST Robert JM Rowland SJ Moldowan JM Barbanti SM Fago FJ Denisevich P Dahl J Trindade LA Schouten S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5670):584-587
The 18S ribosomal DNA molecular phylogeny and lipid composition of over 120 marine diatoms showed that the capability to biosynthesize highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes is restricted to two specific phylogenetic clusters, which independently evolved in centric and pennate diatoms. The molecular record of C25 HBI chemical fossils in a large suite of well-dated marine sediments and petroleum revealed that the older cluster, composed of rhizosolenid diatoms, evolved 91.5 +/- 1.5 million years ago (Upper Turonian), enabling an accurate dating of the pace of diatom evolution that is unprecedented. The rapid rise of the rhizosolenid diatoms probably resulted from a major reorganization of the nutrient budget in the mid-Cretaceous oceans, triggered by plate tectonics. 相似文献
348.
Adler I Trombka J Gerard J Lowman P Schmadebeck R Blodget H Eller E Yin L Lamothe R Gorenstein P Bjorkholm P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1972,175(4020):436-440
Although only part of the information from the x-ray fluorescence geochemical experiment has been analyzed, it is clear that the experiment was highly successful. Significant compositional differences among and possibly within the maria and highlands have been detected. When viewed in the light of analyzed lunar rocks and soil samples, and the data from other lunar orbital experiments (in particular, the Apollo 15 gamma-ray spectroscopy experiment), the results indicate the existence of a differential lunar highland crust, probably feldspathic. This crust appears to be related to the plagioclase-rich materials previously found in the samples from Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, and Luna 16. 相似文献
349.
R. E. Anderson A. P. Benson W. J. Hooker Gerard S. Birth Karl H. Norris Reiner Bonde Robert Akeley Donald Merriam C. C. Craft H. W. Siegelman W. L. Butler L. A. Dionne G. D. Easton R. H. Larson R. W. Hougas H. T. Erickson J. Galindo M. E. Gallegly 《American Journal of Potato Research》1958,35(2):421-423
350.
Farmer‐led maize biochar trials: Effect on crop yield and soil nutrients under conservation farming
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Vegard Martinsen Jan Mulder Victor Shitumbanuma Magnus Sparrevik Trond Børresen Gerard Cornelissen 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(5):681-695
In extensive farmer‐led trials practicing conservation farming (CF) in three regions of Zambia (Mongu: sandy soils; Kaoma: sandy or loamy sand soils; Mkushi: sandy loam or loamy soils), we studied the effects of biochar made of maize cobs (0, 2, and 6 t ha?1 corresponding to 0, 0.8, and 2.5% per basin) at different fertilizer rates of NPK and urea on crop yield of maize (Zea mays) and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea). Conservation farming in this case combines minimum tillage (how basins), crop rotation and residue retention. For the first time, the effect of biochar on in situ soil nutrient supply rates [determined by buried Plant Root Simulator (PRS?) exchange resins] was studied, as well as the effects of biochar on elemental composition of maize. Effects of 0–10% (w:w) biochar addition on soil physical and soil chemical properties were determined in the laboratory. At all sites there was a consistent positive response in crop yield upon the addition of biochar. However, due to a great variability between farms there were no significant differences in absolute yields between the treatments. In the sandy soils at Mongu, relative yields (i.e., percentage yield with biochar relative to the same fertilizer rate without biochar) of maize grains and maize stover were significantly increased at recommended fertilizer rates (232 ± 60%) and at half the recommended rate (128 ± 6%), respectively. In addition, biochar significantly increased concentrations of K and P in maize stover. In situ soil nutrient supply rates as measured by PRS?‐probes were highly spatially variable with no consistent effects of the different treatments in the three regions. By contrast, the fraction of plant available water (Vol.‐%) significantly increased upon the addition of biochar in all three soils. The increase caused by 10% biochar addition was of factor 2.5 in Mongu (from 4.5% to 11.2%) and 1.2 in both Kaoma (from 14.7% to 18.2%) and Mkushi (from 18.2% to 22.7%). Cation exchange capacity, pH, and exchangeable K significantly increased upon the addition of 10% (w:w) biochar in all three regions with a subsequent increase in base saturation and decrease of available Al3+. Our findings suggest that the addition of biochar in combination with CF might have a positive impact on crop growth and that this positive effect is mainly caused by increases in plant‐available water and decreased available Al. 相似文献