Replacing fish oil and astaxanthin by microalgal sources produced different metabolic responses in juvenile rainbow trout fed 2 types of practical diets

Dietary fish oil supplementation provides n-3 long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids for supporting fish growth and metabolism and enriching fillet with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; c22:6n-3). Two experiments were performed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments for 16 wk to determine effects and mechanisms of replacing 0%, 50%, and 100% fish oil with DHA-rich microalgae in combination with synthetic vs. microalgal source of astaxanthin in plant protein meal (PM)- or fishmeal (FM)- based diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish (22 ± 0.26 g) were stocked at 17/tank and 3 tanks/diet. The 100% fish oil replacement impaired (P < 0.0001) growth performance, dietary protein and energy utilization, body indices, and tissue accumulation of DHA and EPA in both diet series. The impairments were associated (P < 0.05) with upregulation of hepatic gene expression related to growth (ghr1and igf1) and biosynthesis of DHA and EPA (fads6 and evol5) that was more dramatic in the FM than PM diet-fed fish, and more pronounced on tissue EPA than DHA concentrations. The source of astaxanthin exerted interaction effects with the fish oil replacement on several measures including muscle total cholesterol concentrations. In conclusion, replacing fish oil by the DHA-rich microalgae produced more negative metabolic responses than the substitution of synthetic astaxanthin by the microalgal source in juvenile rainbow trout fed 2 types of practical diets.     

神经元特异性烯醇化酶在大鼠动情周期子宫中的分布

选择健康、未产、体重220-250g成年雌性SD大鼠,采用阴道涂片方法鉴定其动情周期,并采用免疫组织化学SP法研究了神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）在大鼠动情周期子宫内分布的变化规律。结果显示,子宫各层均有不同程度NSE免疫阳性产物分布,并随动情周期的变化表现出一定的规律：各期子宫内膜黏膜上皮细胞、腺上皮细胞、基质细胞、血管内皮细胞及肥大细胞等NSE免疫阳性细胞数量变化不大,但着色深浅有一定差别,动情期着色最深,动情后期、动情间期、动情前期着色依次减弱;肌层和子宫外膜中,动情期着色最深,动情后期着色最浅,动情间期表达量明显回升,动情前期比动情期着色稍浅。表明,NSE在子宫中的分布可能受性类固醇激素的调节。     

Immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes in the corpus luteum and placenta of the Japanese Shiba goat

In this study, we performed immunohistochemistry of cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P450 (P450scc), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3betaHSD), cytochrome 17alpha-hydroxylase P450 (P450c17), and cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom) in the corpus luteum and placenta of Shiba goats. The aim was to clarify the steroidogenic capability of the corpus luteum and placenta of Shiba goats. Ovaries containing corpora lutea were obtained from four adult Shiba goats during the luteal phase (day10; n=2) and pregnancy (90 and 120 days of gestation). Placenta was obtained from one Shiba goat on day 120 of gestation. The sections of the ovaries and placentae were immunostained using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (ABC) with polyclonal antibodies generated against steroidogenic enzymes of mammalian origin. All luteal cells expressed P450scc, 3betaHSD, P450c17 and P450arom. The distribution of P450scc, 3betaHSD, P450c17 and P450arom were not different during the luteal phase and pregnancy. P450arom showed a weak positive staining in late pregnancy (120 days). In addition, immunoreactions for P450c17 and P450arom were observed in syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta of one Shiba goat. These results indicate that, in Shiba goats, corpus luteum is not only an important source of progesterone but also has the ability to synthesize androgen and estrogen during the luteal phase and pregnancy. Also the placenta has the ability to synthesize androgen and estrogen in late pregnancy.     

A simple calculation for obtaining shunt fractions of portosystemic shunts

Since the isotopes can not be utilized for veterinary patients in Japan, the authors developed a simple calculation formula of shunt fraction of portosystemic shunt based on the hepatic circulation model. The shunt fraction can be calculated utilizing only 2 portal pressure measurements of pre-shunt ligation and temporary or permanent shunt ligation. The calculated shunt fraction can obtained pre-ligation and post-ligation either temporally or permanent complete shunt ligation: complete ligation group of PSS (n=59) had 48.2 +/- 16.9% of shunt fractions, whereas the partial ligation group (n=48) had 71.6 +/- 10.7% of shunt fractions.     

Immunolocalization of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors (TrkA and p75LNGFR) in the reproductive organs of Shiba goats

The objective of this study was to determine the immunolocalization of NGF and its receptors (TrkA and p75LNGFR) in the reproductive tract of the Japanese Shiba goats. Five adult goats were used in this study and sections of ovaries, uteri and oviducts were immunostained by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method (ABC). The results showed that NGF and its receptors (TrkA and p75LNGFR) were expressed in granulosa cells, theca cells, interstitial cells and lutein cells in ovaries. Immunoreactions for NGF, TrkA and p75LNGFR were also detectable in epithelial cells and muscle cells of the ampulla and isthmus of the oviduct, and in epithelial cells and uterine glands of the uterus. These results strongly suggest autocrine and paracrine regulation of reproductive function by NGF in the reproductive tract of female Shiba goats.     

恩施烟区土壤和烤烟总氮含量及其关系研究

2006-2007年,以湖北省恩施烟区有代表性的宣恩县和咸丰县为试验地点,选取了129个土壤样本和124个烤烟样本,分析了该区土壤氮素含量和烤烟总氮含量状况及其关系,结果表明:土壤全氮和碱解氮含量变幅分别为0.70~3.90 g.kg-1和66.8~233.9 mg.kg-1,平均分别为(1.65±0.34)g.kg-1和(131.69±30.97)mg.kg-1,全氮含量的变异系数略小于碱解氮含量变异系数.全氮和碱解氮含量均以表层0~20 cm含量最高,20~40 cm居中,而40~60 cm最低;烤烟总氮含量变幅为15.80~29.50 g.kg-1,平均为(21.30±3.30)g.kg-1,变异系数为15.49%;烤烟总氮含量在品种间、等级间和海拔高度间均存在显著差异,品种间表现为:‘K326’>‘云烟85’>‘云烟87’,等级间表现为:B2F>C3F>X2F,海拔间表现为:低海拔>中海拔>高海拔;烤烟总氮含量随土壤碱解氮含量的升高而升高,土壤氮素含量亦随海拔的升高而升高,而烤烟总氮含量则随海拔的升高而降低.     

Study on polymorphisms of microsatellite DNA of six Chinese indigenous sheep and goat breeds

The genomes of six populations were screened using microsatellites as molecular markers, including Ujmuqin sheep, small-tailed Han sheep, Tan sheep, Hu sheep, Tong sheep and Yangtse River Delta (YRD) white goat. A total of seven microsatellite markers were used and genetic diversity and genetic distance were also determined. The results showed that there were 224 alleles in six populations, all seven loci showed polymorphism in all populations. The average heterozygosity of all populations was 0.949 9, and the mean polymorphism information content (PIC) of all six populations was 0.842 5–0.929 4. The six sheep (goat) popualtions were lowly differentiated with all loci, and the coefficient of phaenotype differentiation (Fst) was 2.6%, which was consistent with the coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst). The global heterozygote deficit across of all populations (Fit) amounted to 0.5%. The overall significant deficit of heterozygotes because of inbreeding within breeds (Fis) amounted to −2.2%. Two Unweighted Pair-group Method using Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) dendrograms were constructed on the basis of Nei’s standard genetic distance (DS) and Nei’s genetic distance (DA) respectively. Hu sheep and Tong sheep were grouped at first, Ujmuqin sheep and small-tailed Han sheep clustered and then clustered with Tan sheep. Finally, Yangtse River Delta white goat joined in with all above. From this study, Ujmuqin sheep belongs to “Mongolia sheep” group, which corresponds with the historical records exactly. Ujmuqin sheep and small-tailed Han sheep, Tan sheep, Hu sheep and Tong sheep all vest in the “Mongolia sheep” group.     

施氮对不同栽培模式旱地土壤有机碳氮和供氮能力的影响

【目的】研究不同栽培模式下,施氮量对西北旱地土壤有机碳氮累积及供氮能力的影响。【方法】通过5年(2002-2007年)定位大田试验,以不施氮为对照,比较不同施氮量(120,240kg/hm2)对常规、覆草和覆膜3种栽培模式土壤有机碳氮累积和供氮能力的影响。【结果】施氮0,120,240kg/hm2时,覆草栽培土壤有机碳含量分别为9.74,9.57,9.19g/kg,全氮含量为0.99,1.02,1.03g/kg,土壤氮素矿化势为25.0,26.7,29.7mg/kg,矿化速率常数为0.053,0.062,0.056/d;覆膜栽培土壤有机碳含量分别为9.82,8.78,9.80g/kg,全氮含量为0.98,0.98,0.95g/kg,土壤氮素矿化势为23.2,25.8,24.1mg/kg,矿化速率常数为0.058,0.061,0.072/d;常规栽培土壤有机碳含量分别为9.79,9.93,9.20g/kg,全氮含量为0.93,0.99,0.96g/kg,土壤氮素矿化势为23.2,26.2,25.7mg/kg,矿化速率常数为0.057,0.061,0.063/d。【结论】施氮能提高3个栽培模式土壤的供氮能力,促进土壤氮素的矿化。适量氮肥能够提高常规模式土壤的有机碳含量,但会降低覆草和覆膜土壤的有机碳含量,故在采用地表覆盖模式栽培时需配施有机肥。     

热杀菌条件对NFC冬枣汁成分及抗氧化活性的影响研究

为了研究不同热杀菌条件对NFC冬枣汁理化性质、活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响,本文以冬枣为研究对象,设置了低温长时杀菌(75℃,5、10、15、20、25 min)和高温短时杀菌(90℃,0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.50 min)两个处理,考察了NFC冬枣汁的可溶性固形物含量、pH值、总酸含量、VC含量、DPPH清除率、亚铁离子还原率等指标。研究结果表明,两种杀菌方式对NFC冬枣汁基本理化性质影响不显著(P>0.05)。相比于低温长时杀菌,高温短时杀菌的△E值更低,更能保持冬枣汁原有的色泽。两种杀菌处理后多酚、VC含量均显著降低(P<0.05),低温长时杀菌25 min后VC含量未检出,抗氧化活性也显著低于高温短时杀菌(P<0.05)。因此,通过对NFC冬枣汁品质变化的分析,发现高温短时杀菌能更好地保持原有的色泽和营养成分。