Selenium Removal from Irrigation Drainage Water Flowing Through Constructed Wetland Cells with Special Attention to Accumulation in Sediments

A flow-through experimental wetland system has been under investigation since 1996 to remove selenium (Se) fromagricultural drainage water in the Tulare Lake Drainage Districtat Corcoran, California, U.S.A. The system consists of ten cellswhich have dimensions of 15 × 76 m continuously flooded andvarious substrates planted. The objectives of this article are topresent the overall performance in Se removal after establishingthe wetland for three years, and to examine factors affecting Seremoval with special attention to accumulation in the sediments.In 1999, The wetland cells reduced Se from inflow water by 32 to65% in concentration and 43 to 89% in mass. Vegetationplays an important role in Se removal as non-vegetated cellshowed the least removal of Se. The inflow drainage water wasdominated by selenate (Se(VI), 91%) with smaller percentages ofselenite (Se(IV), 7%) and organic Se (org-Se(II-), 2%). Theoutflow water from the cells contained an average of 47% Se(VI),32% Se(IV) and 21% org-Se indicating reduction processesoccurring in the wetland cells. The surface sediment appears as alarge sink of Se removal. The highest Se concentration was foundin fallen litter, followed by the fine organic detrital layer onthe sediment surface. The sediment Se concentration dramaticallydecreased with increasing sediment depth. The mass distribution of Se, however, was sediment (0-20 cm) > fine detrital matter >fallen litter. Fractionation of surface sediment (0-5 cm) reveals that elemental Se was the largest fraction (ave. 47%) followedby organic matter-associated Se (34%). Soluble, adsorbed, and carbonate-associated Se accounted for 1.2, 3.1 and 2.5% ofthe total sediment Se, respectively. The major Se sink mechanism in the cells is the reduction of selenate to elemental Se andimmobilization into the organic phase of the sediments.     

构建功能性人工湿地处理养殖场废水

为寻求一种经济实用的养殖废水处理途径，人工湿地废水处理工艺越来越引起关注。该文综述了近几年来人工湿地处理机理、人工湿地的建造参数、人工湿地的作用及人工湿地的管理等，从生态系统的尺度展望了功能性人工湿地建构和多类污染物的联合去除的前景，期望在未来的人工湿地处理工艺的研究中关于养殖场废水处理的研究得到更切实的关注和更实质的进展，为动物养殖业的清洁生产做出贡献。     

Identification and characterization of conjugated linolenic acid isomers by Ag+-HPLC and NMR

Interest in the biological activity of conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA) is growing. Technically, previous methods could not fully characterize and identify CLnA isomers. The present study is the first report on application of silver ion impregnated high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC) into separation of CLnA methyl ester (CLnAMe) mixture. Compared with the GC and reversed-phase HPLC techniques, Ag+-HPLC could resolve and separate CLnAMe isomers into three clusters of peaks namely ttt, ctt and ctc geometrical groups. Each positional isomer belonging to the same geometrical group could be further separated by Ag+-HPLC. Quantitative 13C NMR properties of CLnAMe mixture were subsequently studied. Olefinic signals in the CLnAMe mixture were assigned and used to quantify each isomer in combination with Ag+-HPLC. The present study provided a detailed analysis of a complex CLnA mixture and may have an important application in future studies dealing with synthesis, oxidative stability, and bioactivity of individual CLnA isomers.     

Effect of Alkaline‐Soluble Proteins on Pasting Properties of Nonwaxy Rice Flour

The pasting properties of rice flours and reconstituted rice flours from mixing a common starch with proteins extracted from different rice cultivars at different total protein content levels were studied. Results showed that not only the total protein content but also the protein composition had an effect on the pasting properties of the rice flours. Among the different strands of rice proteins, globulin had the strongest influence on the pasting properties, followed by glutelin, whereas prolamin had the least influence. At the subunit level of the proteins, proteins with a molecular weight of 17,000, most likely from globulin, had the strongest effect on the peak viscosity of the rice flour, followed by those of 33,000. In comparison with that of the rice starch, the influence of proteins in rice was limited. The effect of interactions between the rice proteins and the starch, such as the role of starch‐granule‐associated proteins, was not isolated in this study, and further investigation is required to quantify this effect.     

Hypolimnetic anoxia and sediment oxygen demand during stratification in a drinking water reservoir

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Although hypolimnetic anoxia is a common occurrence in deep lakes and reservoirs, understanding the processes of oxygen depletion in water columns and sediment is...     

露天金矿剥离物植被演替规律及植被恢复对策--以公别拉河流域为例

在外业调查基础上，对黑河地区公别拉流域内的露天金矿剥离物植被自然恢复和演替规律进行分析研究，发现植被恢复的速度受时间和剥离物组成共同影响，其中剥离物中土和沙砾比例是影响的主要因素。植被演替中优势种随时间变化而不同，前期以多肉植物为主，后期菊科植物成为优势种。针对植被演替规律和剥离物特性提出快速恢复植被相应对策。     

吉林南部不同耕作管理下土壤水分对降雨事件的响应

土壤水分对降雨的响应特征与降水在地表和土壤中的分配密切相关。该研究为明确耕作方式对黑土土壤水分对降雨响应的作用,利用时域反射仪原位动态监测吉林南部耕作长期定位试验翻耕（CT）和免耕（NT）下玉米生育期含水率,通过7个指标量化两种耕作管理下土壤水分对降雨量大且持续时间长、降雨量小且持续时间短和降雨量较大且持续时间较短、降雨强度大的3类降雨事件的响应。结果表明：1）CT初始含水率较低,0～2.5、2.5～5和5～10 cm累积增加含水量（ASWI）显著高于NT;随土壤深度增加,CT的ASWI明显下降,而NT基本稳定。2）多数情况下,NT下相邻土层累积增加含水率之比（RSWI）大于100%,而CT低于100%。3）高降雨强度下NT相邻土层对降雨事件的响应时间（DRTlayer）平均值和异常值为负值的频率较多,说明NT下更易发生优先流。因此,极端降雨下NT土壤水分响应更剧烈,有利于降水向下层土壤渗透,减少地表径流形成。     

禹城沙地农业发展中不稳定因素及其防治

着重分析了影响半湿润地区山东禹城沙地农业发展中的不稳定因素,对沙地水分、气候波动因素以及在沙地治理过程中所出现的次生盐渍化等进行了较深入的研究,指出只要采取适当措施,建立稳定的沙地农业生态系统,就能防止或减少这些不稳定因素对新垦沙地农业发展的危害,使沙地农业持续发展,并提出了相关措施。     

基于生物特征纹理信息的西瓜追溯标识算法设计与实现

为了将生物特征识别技术应用于追溯系统中的果品标识,该文提出了一种采用西瓜蒂外围纹理信息标识果品个体的方法.该方法首先采集西瓜图像并在瓜蒂外围构造一个环形区域;将环形区域归一化后利用Gabor滤波器对图像纹理进行特征提取及编码;然后通过计算码间的Hamming距进行纹理编码的匹配.在试验中,为100个西瓜在采后贮藏初始、第7天和第14天各采集一幅图像并计算出3组每组100个纹理编码,将第7天、第14天的每一个编码与初始阶段的每一个编码两两比对,累计完成20 000次比对证实西瓜纹理具有唯一性,不同个体的纹理特征各不相同.使用成对数据的假设检验证实在采收后14d内纹理特征不随时间的推移产生显著变化(P＞0.05).通过理论和试验证实算法对平移、尺度和旋转具有适应性,即西瓜在图像中的平移、尺度和旋转对Hamming距的计算不会产生显著影响(P＞0.05).使用最大类间方差法在50个西瓜的纹理编码内训练出判别阈值,并用该阈值判别另外50个西瓜3个时间点间相互比对生成的100个来自同一个西瓜的Hamming距和4 900个来自不同西瓜的Hamming距,结果表明上述Hamming距均能正确判别,准确率与召回率为100％.该研究为农产品追溯系统的标识技术提供新的思路.     

热泵与家用太阳热水器联合供热性能试验

为解决家用太阳能热水器供热的间歇性和不稳定性,应用热泵辅助可达到全天候供热,该文通过对这种联合供热系统的供热性能和运行性能进行了测试,并对热水器的升温、保温和热泵的加热进行了试验和分析,结果表明：空气源热泵辅助型真空管家用太阳热水系统仅在累积太阳辐照量小于14 MJ/m2时,需要空气源热泵辅助加热,总制热性能系数可达6.18。