低磷胁迫对不同水稻品种叶片膜脂过氧化及保护酶

利用砂培方法,研究了耐低磷水稻品种（大粒稻、莲塘早3号）和低磷敏感水稻品种（沪占七、新三百粒）在低磷胁迫下,水稻叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的变化。研究结果表明,低磷胁迫使水稻叶片膜脂过氧化加剧,低磷敏感水稻品种的叶片膜脂过氧化程度高于耐低磷水稻品种;耐低磷品种叶片中SOD、CAT和POD活性在低磷胁迫期间相对稳定,而低磷敏感品种在低磷胁迫初期均有明显增加,尔后又快速下降,这表明保护酶的绝对活性与低磷胁迫无关,而变化趋势与低磷胁迫有关。     

土壤水分对小麦叶片含量水量及生理功能的影响

考察了不同灌溉量条件下，冬小麦不同生育时期土壤水分对植株叶片水分状况及生理功能的影响。结果表明，从返青至封行前的春生5叶期期间，土壤含水量与植株叶片含水量之间呈负相关关系，其中20－40cm深度土壤含水量与叶片含水量达到极显著水平；从挑旗至蜡热期，土壤含水量与植株叶片含水量之间呈正相关关系，其中0－20cm深度土壤含水量与叶片含水量达到极显著水平。叶温以适中含水量条件下表现较低，当处于极端少水条件下叶温显著增高，在偏多水条件下叶温也呈增高趋势。在孕穗期，供水不足使PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率Fv/Fm明显降低，而水量偏多未产生显著影响，在灌浆盛期，供水不足和水量偏多均使Fv/Fm显著下降，叶片含水量由75％下降到70％左右是叶片光合生理活性的一个重要转折点，应作为判断叶片水分亏缺阈值的重要参考。     

Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’     

不同降水年型黄土高原半干旱撂荒草地水分收支特征

以黄土高原六道沟流域半干旱撂荒草地为研究对象,根据2014—2017年连续观测得到的降水量(P)、蒸散量(ET)、土壤贮水量(S)和植被组成等数据,研究了不同降水年型下撂荒草地的水分收支特征。结果显示:(1)观测前期平水年下0—50cm土层土壤贮水量呈现缓慢下降趋势,以第三年的一场暴雨(109.60mm/d)为分界,后期土壤贮水量总体增加,但波动幅度大增,受蒸散量增加的影响,土壤水分消耗明显;(2)年总蒸散量呈逐年升高的趋势,在平水年下,地表蒸散年际变化主要受气候条件影响,丰水年下,地上生物量的作用明显;(3)水分收支呈现季节性,2—6月为撂荒草地的缺水期,7月—次年1月为丰水期,四年观测结果显示草地处于总体水分亏缺状态(总亏缺165.60mm),存在对深层土壤水(50cm以下)的大量消耗。研究结果表明:撂荒草地水分的持续损失是导致撂荒草地发生演替的重要原因,演替过程中植物深层土壤水的大量消耗可能会导致形成的次生草地土壤水分条件更差,需要加强人为干预措施,防止草地再次退化。     

Modern wheat cultivars have greater root nitrogen uptake efficiency than old cultivars

The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where ¹⁵N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g^?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m^?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g^?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m^?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.     

油料冷态预榨过程的油脂径向渗流模型及验证

为量化考察油料一维压榨过程中油脂的流动状态,针对直筒式冷态压榨制油过程,通过简化假设建立了一维压榨模型,并对油料微元进行受力分析;利用Darcy渗流定律与Terzaghi固结理论建立了油料压榨过程中的渗流模型,确定了影响压榨出油效果的因素主要为料筒内径、物料层高度、压榨压力、压榨时间、油脂黏度和物料孔隙度。在实际压榨过程中,压榨压力和压榨时间易控制,油脂黏度和孔隙度也可以通过设置压榨参数而改变,而压榨机的料筒规格不易改变,因此料筒半径的选取尤为重要。基于此,根据渗流模型推导出油率模型,分析了料筒半径对出油率的影响关系,指出料筒内径不宜过大。开展不同筒径时的出油率试验,并与模型预测值对照,其最大误差为2.10%。研究结果为油料直筒式低温预榨制油设备制造及工艺参数的优化及选取提供了参考。     

基于本体推理的水稻虫害诊断系统研究

针对江西省水稻虫害的特点和特征,采用Protege建立了专家知识本体库,基于本体推理方法实现了虫害诊断推理,并运用相似度算法解决了知识不确定性的诊断问题。开发的水稻虫害诊断系统集诊断、防治和查询多种功能于一体,对南方红壤丘陵区水稻虫害的诊断和防治具有很好的应用价值。     

浙江省1:5万大比例尺土壤数据库

以浙江省为例,探讨了省域大比例尺土壤数据库的构建方法,并结合第二次土壤普查资料,建立了浙江省1∶5万大比例尺土壤数据库,包括空间数据库、属性数据库和元数据三部分。自主研发的土壤界线自动识别和半自动识别技术的采用,显著提高了土壤图数字化的精度与效率;土壤数据库标准的制定保证了数据库建设的规范、有序;参考地形图、遥感影像等信息,对土壤图图面错误进行了拓扑学和土壤学修正,解决了原图中存在的土壤界线遗漏、界线不连续、图斑注记缺失等问题,显著提高了土壤图的质量;对县、区土壤普查分类、省普查汇总分类及国家标准分类的归属关系进行了整理,解决了原普查成果存在的"同土异名"和"异土同名"问题。建立的浙江省土壤空间数据库共划分156 581个土壤图斑,搜集整理土壤剖面2 677个,实现了全省土壤图的无缝拼接、空间与属性数据的关联,在一定程度上奠定了浙江省"数字土壤"的基础。此外,对已有研究成果的不足进行了讨论,指出了其改进的方向,期望在完善浙江省大比例尺土壤数据库的同时,也为其他省区的大比例尺土壤数据库构建工作提供参考。     

马铃薯的钾素需求及营养诊断

了解马铃薯的钾素营养特点是马铃薯养分管理的基础,综述了马铃薯钾素营养的研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的方向。尽管文献报道的马铃薯需钾量存在差异,但已有的研究结果表明,马铃薯是需钾量较大的作物,其对钾素的需求多于其他元素。而且与小麦等作物相比,马铃薯的钾素营养效率较低。已有的研究还证实土壤交换性钾含量与马铃薯产量的关系并不稳定,仅依靠土壤测试制定钾肥施用方案存在较大的误差,因而马铃薯钾素营养状况诊断并依此指导生育期钾肥施用就显得必要。业已发现叶柄钾浓度能很好的反映马铃薯植株的钾素营养状况,对土壤供钾高度敏感,与块茎产量存在很好的数量关系,因此,用于指导马铃薯施肥的叶柄的临界钾浓度被不同研究人员确立,但干重基础的叶柄钾浓度指标指导施肥实践的时效性较差,这意味着简便快速的诊断方法有待建立。     

近10年来新疆耕地数量变化分析

新疆作为我国的农业大省以及21世纪重要的资源接替区,研究其耕地变化具有重要的现实意义。分析了1996以来新疆耕地数量的变化及其生态环境效应,借助SPSS软件,应用主成分分析方法分析了耕地变化的驱动力,揭示了新疆耕地变化的驱动机制,提出了新疆耕地可持续利用的措施建议。