OSTEOCLASTS: ORGANIZATION IN CHICK EMBRYO BONE

A multinucleated endosteum was observed in the long bones of chick embryos aged 14 to 17 days. The endosteum appears to be responsible for extensive bone resorption; the bulk of the diaphyseal bone is almost completely replaced during this particular 3-day interval. Eventually, the endosteum appears to be transformed into numerous individual osteoclasts. Both the endosteum and the osteoclasts are found almost entirely on the medial surfaces of the innermost bone spicules and they seem to destroy collagen by extracellular proteolysis.     

Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Danish horses

Background

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are able to infect horses. However, the extend to which Danish horses are infected and seroconvert due to these two bacteria is unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum in Danish horses.

Methods

A total of 390 blood samples collected from all major regions of Denmark and with a geographical distribution corresponding to the density of the Danish horse population were analyzed. All samples were examined for the presence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum by the use of the SNAP^®4DX ^® ELISA test.

Results

Overall, 29.0% of the horses were seropositive for B. burgdorferi sensu lato whereas 22.3% were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum.

Conclusions

Antibodies against B burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum are commonly found among Danish horses thus showing that Danish horses are frequently infected by these organisms.