Exencephaly in chicken‐pheasant hybrids

1. The incidence of exencephaly was investigated in chicken‐pheasant hybrids.

2. With the pheasant as sire, fertility was 7.lb6%, but with the fowl it was 19.lb5%; hatchability of fertile eggs, however, was similar, 42% and 41% respectively.

3. Only one exencephalic hybrid was obtained when the sire was the pheasant but 70 were noted when the fowl was sire. The incidence of this malformation in hatched chicks was 12 times more in crosses with the fowl as sire than in the reverse cross.

4. The frequency of exencephaly was greater with Rhode Island Red, Barred Leghorn or White Leghorn roosters than with Columbian Rock roosters.     

Effect of photoperiod on gonadotrophin concentrations in domestic turkeys

1. Circulating immunoreactive luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations have been measured during photoperiodically‐induced changes in the reproductive state of turkeys.

2. In a period of sexual quiescence on short photoperiods (6L : 18D) LH concentrations were higher during the hours of darkness in both sexes.

3. Transfer to long photoperiods (16L : 8D) stimulated a rapid increase in LH and FSH concentrations. This was maintained for between 2 to 3 months when the concentrations of both gonadotrophins decreased as the birds became photorefractory.

4. Return to short photoperiods had no immediate effect on the concentrations of LH and FSH in females. The concentration of LH was increased during the 3rd week of short photoperiods when the hens were moulting.

5. LH concentrations fluctuated during the ovulatory cycle and were highest about 6 h before ovulation.     

Hydrolysed feather protein as a source of amino acids for broilers

1. The inclusion of 25 g hydrolysed feather meal (HFM) in each kilogram of diet (floor experiment) and 60 g/kg (cage experiment) did not depress performance.

2. Chemical tests indicated 72.5% of the total lysine in HFM was available.

3. Total lysine concentration of 11.3 g/kg diet maximised performance during the period 0 to 34 d.

4. Reduction in dietary methionine content during the period 0 to 34 d from 4.2 g/kg to 3.2 g/kg did not depress performance on diets containing 60 g HFM/kg.

5. The results indicate that at least 57% by weight of the total sulphur amino acid requirement of broilers can be provided by cystine.     

Comparison of wheats of high or conventional protein content with added lysine in diets for layers

1. High‐protein wheats (196 or 210 g/kg) were compared with conventional wheat (163 or 162 g/kg) in layers’ diets in three experiments.

2. In diets of 160 g protein/kg without added lysine, high‐protein wheats caused lower rates of production and egg size than conventional wheats in White Leghorns. Lysine supplementation of the former diets eliminated these differences.

3. The improvements in egg production and egg weight were significant with 1 g additional lysine/kg and egg production tended to improve further with 2 g additional lysine/kg, as did egg weight with all subsequent additions, but not significantly so.

4. With diets containing high‐protein wheats supplemented with lysine, high egg production and egg weight could be obtained without a protein supplement (e.g. soyabean meal).

5. In broiler‐breeders egg production was lower and food conversion poorer with high‐protein wheat despite added lysine.     

Antimicrobial substances and chick growth promotion: Comparative studies on selected compounds in vitro and in vivo

1. Antibacterial activity of selected compounds in vitro and their ability to promote growth when added to the diet of chicks were not correlated.

2. The difference in growth‐promoting activity between streptomycin, which was active, and kanamycin which was not, was not related to their effects on the flora adhering to the wall of the crop, jejunum or ileum, to their relative toxicity to the chick nor to differences in their stability in the diet.

3. When low concentrations ofkanamycin or streptomycin were given, the antibiotic was concentrated in the caecal contents. In contrast, penicillin was undetectable in the caeca of birds given high concentrations of benzyl penicillin.

4. In chicks given benzyl penicillin, the numbers of Streptococcus faecium increased at the expense of Strep, faecalis. This probably resulted from changes in the crop flora.

5. Birds given high dietary concentrations of benzyl penicillin showed improved weight gains, in spite of increased numbers of Escherichia coli in the small intestine.     

The hen's egg: Relationship of mean strain energy at shell fracture to shell compression speed,the nature of the compressing body and the location on the shell of the point of contact

1. The mean energy, E_f, required for fracture of an egg shell at its equator by a flat plate is known to depend on shell compression speed, v_m, for speeds in the range 20 μm/s to 2.lb5 mm/s; analysis of published data shows that E_f bears a linear relationship to log (v_m ) throughout the industrially important speed range from 20 μm/s to 1.lb1 m/s, increasing from 1.lb3 to 5.lb0 mJ.

2. At lower speeds down to 2 μm/s E_f is constant.

3. E_f is reduced if the flat plate is replaced by a sphere or cylinder; the greater its curvature, the smaller E_f.

4. E_f for the narrow pole is greater and for the broad pole smaller than that for the equator but these differences may be due in part to . systematic differences in shell thickness as well as curvature.     

Biochemical,physiological and production indices related to fat metabolism in the laying fowl at various stages of physiological development

1. The significance of fat accumulation during physiological development of layers was studied using White Leghorn x Australorp pullets from 12 weeks of age.

2. Liver fat, carcass fat, liver weight and body weight increased markedly at the onset of sexual maturity.

3. Within the liver, the protein to DNA ratio did not alter significantly during development; glycogen was not consistently depleted by egg production.

4. Liver fat content was significantly correlated with carcass fat, liver weight and DNA concentration, and plasma total lipid and cholesterol, independent of stage of development; with body weight, liver protein, moisture, and protein to DNA ratio, excluding the period prior to commencement of sexual maturation; and with plasma phospholipid during lay.

5. Obesity was a feature of faster growing fowls which matured earlier, consumed more, utilised food less efficiently for egg production and produced fewer saleable eggs.     

Vapor phase explosions: elementary detonations?

Although liquid-vapor explosions are widely observed, there is no established explanation for their initiation and propagation. Thermodynamics admits the possibility that superheated liquids can support detonations analogous to those that occur in chemical explosives. For liquid methane superheated 50 K above its boiling point at 1 atmosphere, the energy of explosion is 2 to 3 percent of that of TNT.