The role of mesoscale tracer transports in the global ocean circulation

Ocean models routinely used in simulations of the Earth's climate do not resolve mesoscale eddies because of the immense computational cost. A new parameterization of the effects of these eddies has been implemented in a widely used model. A comparison of its solution with that of the conventional parameterization shows significant improvements in the global temperature distribution, the poleward and surface heat fluxes, and the locations of deep-water formation.     

Rickets in alpacas (Lama pacos) in New Zealand

Rickets was diagnosed in two weaner alpacas from a flock showing ill thrift and lameness during the winter of 1992. Both animals had abnormally shaped ribs with occasional healing fractures, irregular thickening of growth plates and metaphyseal haemorrhages. The mean serum phosphorus concentrations of the alpacas fell during June and July, even though lambs grazing the same pasture had normal serum phosphorus concentrations and the phosphorus concentration of the pasture was considered adequate. Vitamin D deficiency may also have contributed to the osteodystrophy. The alpacas had a thick fleece during the winter, and diurnal Vitamin D, synthesis resulting from solar irradiation is likely to have been minimal, especially considering the reduced sunshine hours recorded during the 1992 winter. Surviving alpacas recovered after treatment with monosodium phosphate and an oral Vitamin D supplement. It is possible alpacas are more susceptible to deficiencies of phosphorus and Vitamin D than other grazing animals in New Zealand.     

Seroprevalence of Brucella ovis infection in commercial ram flocks in the Tamworth area

Commercial ram flocks in the Tamworth area of northern New South Wales were surveyed to estimate the proportion of flocks, and rams, infected with Brucella ovis. The flock prevalence (percentage of flocks containing seropositive rams) of 9.1% for Merino flocks was significantly lower than that for British-breed flocks (43.8%, p=0.006) and mixed-breed flocks (46.7%, p=0.017). The mean flock prevalence over all flock types was 32.9%. These estimates were supported by data obtained from diagnostic testing for brucellosis carried out during the previous 6 years. The seroprevalence in rams was 10.8% overall, 2.5% for Merinos, 19% for Border Leicester and 26% for Dorset rams. Within infected flocks, the estimated prevalences were 21%, 65% and 67% for Merinos, Border Leicester and Dorset rams respectively. The seroprevalence in Merino rams was significantly lower than that for both other breeds (p<0.001) for all flocks and in infected flocks. There was no apparent association between age and serological status, or age and the prevalence of epididymitis.     

Environmental limitation on fitness: Reproduction of laboratory mice in benign and stressful ("tropical") conditions

SUMMARY: In general, the environment limits the fitness of individual animals, and environmental limitation leads to selection for "optimal", intermediate values for all traits that matter, whether imposed by natural or artificial selection. We compared the reproduction of laboratory mice in a normal and a hot, humid environment to test this claim. Thirty males and 150 females from a non-inbred line adapted to normal conditions were mated twice (the second time after rerandomisation) to produce the experimental animals. Individual experimental mice from each litter were allocated from weaning (3 weeks) either to the normal or hot environment. At 9 to 12 weeks of age these mice were paired, 1 male with 1 female, until the female had a chance to have 2 litters. 354 pairs in the normal and 362 pairs in the hot environment were mated. All living progeny were weaned at 3 weeks. Average values of reproductive traits, phenotypic correlations between traits, and heritability estimates for many traits were found in each environment. Negative correlations (trade-offs) between litter number and weight of individual progeny in both environments demonstrated clearly that fitness was limited even in the normal laboratory situation. All quantitative measures of reproduction were lower in the hot room showing that it was more stressful. Yet size of individual young and their survival was not reduced. This may be an adaptive mechanism restricted to housemice. Lower heritability estimates in first than in second parities for quantitative measures of litter size show that while the mouse is still growing she has fewer resources available for reproduction, making her more susceptible to environmental stress. This challenges accepted wisdom that animal breeders should select their animals when they are young. They are least likely to respond then. We believe that natural selection causes animals always to push their fitness (reproduction and survival of the progeny) against a limit set by their particular environment. Each environment selects animals that optimally allocate environmental resources there. Problems arise when inappropriate genetic settings cause phenotypes to misallocate metabolic resources. In relatively difficult environments productive animals, including successful transgenics, allocate insufficient resources to fitness. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Begrenzung der Fitne? durch die Umwelt: Reproduktion von Laborm?usen in günstigen und schwierigen ("tropischen") Bedingungen Im Normalfall soll die Umwelt der Fitne? eine obere Grenze setzen. Diese Begrenzung führt zu Selektion auf mittlere "Optimalwerte" bei alien wichtigen Merkmalen. Wir untersuchten die Fortpflanzung von Laborm?usen in entweder normaler oder hei?er Umwelt. Aus einer an erstere angepa?ten, nichtingezüchteten Linie wurden 30 M?nnchen mit 150 Weibchen zweimal verpaart (beim zweiten Mal neu randomisiert) um die Versuchstiere zu erzeugen. Individuen aus jedem Wurf wurden zufallsm??ig an die zwei Umwelten verteilt, worin sie ab 3 Wochen aufgezogen wurden. Im Alter zwischen 9 und 12 Wochen wurden sie zufallsm??ig 1:1 verpaart bis die Paare Zeit für zwei Würfe gehabt hatten. An 354 und 362 Paaren im normalen und hei?en Zimmer wurden Daten ihrer Reproduktion erhoben. Alle lebendgeborenen Jungen wurden bis 3 Wochen alt verfolgt. In beiden Umwelten wurden Durchschnittswerte der einzelnen Merkmale, ph?notypische Korrelationen wichtiger Merkmale, und Heritabilit?tswerte der Merkmale errechnet. Starke negative Korrelationen zwischen Anzahl der Jungen im Wurf und Gewicht der einzelnen Jungen im Wurf, in beiden Umwelten, zeigen da? Fitne? auch in normalen Laborverh?ltnissen begrenzt war. Alle quantitativen Ma?e der Würfe waren betr?chtlich niedriger im hei?en Raum, was zeigt, da? diese Umwelt mehr Stre? bot. Jedoch die Gr??e und überlebensrate der einzelnen Jungen im hei?en Raum wurden nicht beeintr?chtigt. Diese adaptive Anpassung an schwierige Bedingungen k?nnte einmalig bei Mus musculus sein. Niedere Heritabilit?ten von quantitativen Ma?en der Wurfgr??e im ersten gegenüber dem zweiten Wurf zeigen, da? noch selbst wachsende Weibchen nur wenig Ressourcen für Fortpflanzung einsetzen k?nnen und deshalb mehr von Umweltdruck abh?ngen. Paradoxerweise versuchen Tierzüchter meistens so Jung wie m?glich Tiere zu selektieren, die solcher Selektion auf Reproduktion am wenigsten folgen k?nnen. Diese Situation sollte erneut durchdacht werden. Uns scheint, da? Tiere, weil natürliche Selektion andauernd fortwirkt, jederzeit ihre Fitne? bis an eine obere Grenze, von der Umwelt gesetzt, schieben. Jede Umwelt selektiert Tiere, die ihre metabolischen Ressourcen darin optimal einsetzen. Probleme entstehen, wenn genetische Information Ph?notype erzeugt, die Ressourcen fehl einsetzen. In relativ schwieriger Umwelt haben Leistungstiere, und auch erfolgreiche transgenische Tiere, ungenügend Ressourcen übrig für Fortpflanzung.     

Correct equations for comparing models in diallel analysis

SUMMARY: Correct equations are given to express the parameter estimates of four models for complete diallels as a function of the parameter estimates in the model of Eisen et al. (1983). In recent literature these equations have been partly incorrect. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Korrekte Gleichungen für den Vergleich von Modellen in der Diallelanalyse Für die Darstellung der Parametersch?tzwerte von vier Modellen für vollst?ndige Diallele als Funktion der Parametersch?tzwerte des Modells von Eisen et al. (1983), die in der Literatur teilweise fehlerhaft erfolgte, werden korrekte Formeln angegeben.     

Utilizing the accuracy of estimated breeding values to improve selection response

SUMMARY: Stochastic simulation was used to evaluate the increase in selection response by incorporating accuracies of estimated breeding values (ebvs) in an index to form indexed breeding values (ibvs). Simulations were made using a standard population with a selected proportion of 5%, with 10 000 selection candidates and an average accuracy of breeding value determination, r? = 0.4 with variance, σ(r) (2) = 0.075(2) . In the standard population, candidates selected on ibvs showed an 8.4 % increase in average true breeding values (tbvs) compared to selection using ebvs. Using the same standard population, but changing the proportion selected to 1.0 % and 10 %, the relative increase in the average tbvs from ibv selection was 13.5 % and 5.5 % respectively. Similarly, changing r? to 0.22, 0.32 and 0.55, the relative increase from ibv selection was 48 %, 19 % and 1.3 % respectively. As σ(r) was changed to 0.025 and 0.125, the relative increase from ibv selection was 0.6 % and 24 % respectively. In general, the average accuracy in candidates chosen for selection using ibvs was lower than that from selection using ebvs. In the standard population the accuracy was 0.38 from ibv selection and 0.43 from ebv selection. As a result the increase in inbreeding will be lower with ibv than with ebv selection. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Verwendung von Genauigkeiten gesch?tzter Zuchtwerte zur Verbesserung des Selektionserfolges Durch stochastische Simulation wurde Steigerung des Selektionserfolges durch Einschlu? von Genauigkeiten gesch?tzter Zuchtwerte (ebvs) in einen Index indizierter Zuchtwerte (ibvs) untersucht. Simulationen wurden mit einer Standardpopulation 5% selektierter von 10 000 Kandidaten und einer durchschnittlichen Genauigkeit der Zuchtwertsch?tzung r = 0.4; σ(r) (2) = 0.075(2) durchgeführt. In der Standardpopulation hatten Kandidaten, mit ibvs selektiert, eine Steigerung des durchschnittlichen wahren Zuchtwertes (tbvs) von 8.4 % verglichen mit Selektion auf ebvs-Basis. Bei Verwendung derselben Standardpopulation, aber Remontierung von 1 % bzw. 10 %, war der relative Zuwachs im durchschnittlichen tbvs bei ibvs-Selektion 13.5 und 5.5%. Die relative Zunahme von der ibvs-Selektion, mit r von 0.22, 0.32 oder 0.55, war 48 %, 19 % und 1.3 %. Bei Ver?nderungen von σ(r) auf 0.25 und 0.125 betrug die relative Zunahme 0.6 und 24 %. Im allgemeinen waren die durchschnittlichen Genauigkeiten bei Selektionskandidaten auf der Basis von ibvs geringer als bei Verwendung von ebvs. In der Standardpopulation waren diese Genauigkeiten 0.38 bei ibvs und 0.43 bei ebvs. Daher sollte die Zunahme der Inzucht mit ibvs geringer sein als mit ebvs.     

Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

A field experiment was set up in 1988 to study the development of rhizomania disease of sugar beet at different inoculum levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in soil. Five, tenfold different, inoculum levels were created by addition of the approximate amounts of 0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 kg infested soil per ha (the latter corresponding to 0.01% v/v calculated to the tillage layer). A drip irrigation treatment was applied to study the influence of soil moisture on disease. Susceptible sugar beet, cv. Regina, was grown for three consecutive years.In the first year, root symptoms were not observed, but BNYVV-infected plants were detected by ELISA in low numbers at all inoculum levels at harvest. After late drilling in 1989, high numbers of infected plants, up to 90–100% in plots with the highest inoculum level, were detected already in June. Root symptoms were also observed from June onwards. In both these years disease incidence increased in time and was significantly influenced by the initial inoculum level. In the third year, the whole field was heavily diseased, and only for the non-irrigated plots incidence differed for different initial inoculum levels. The expression of symptoms by BNYVV-infected plants was influenced by initial inoculum level, thus by the amount and timing of primary infection.Root weight at harvest was not affected, but sugar content decreased with increasing inoculum level already in 1988, leading to a reduction in sugar yield of 10% at the highest inoculum level. In 1989, both root weight and sugar content decreased progressively with increasing inoculum level, resulting in sugar yield reductions of 11–66% (down to approximately 3000 kg ha^–1) for low to high inoculum levels compared to the control. As the control plots became contaminated, all yields were low in 1990, still showing a decrease with increasing inoculum level in the non-irrigated plots, but an overall mean sugar yield of 3323 kg ha^–1 for the irrigated ones.Sodium and -amino nitrogen content of the root, additional quality parameters determining extractability of sucrose, showed an increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing initial inoculum level already in the first year. The relative differences in contents compared to those from the control were largest for Na content. A significant negative correlation was found between Na (mmol kg^–1 root) and sugar content (% of fresh weight); linear for 1988, exponential for 1989 and 1990.In spring 1989, the infestation of individual plots was assessed using a quantitative bioassay estimating most probable numbers (MPNs) of infective units of BNYVV per 100 g dry soil. The relationship between the MPns determined and root weight, sugar content and sugar yield at harvest could be described by Gompertz curves. The increase in disease incidence with increasing MPN in 1989 was adequately fitted with a logistic equation.