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991.
Aneeta Pradhan Julie A. Plummer Matthew N. Nelson Wallace A. Cowling Guijun Yan 《Euphytica》2010,176(1):87-98
A triploid hybrid with an ABC genome constitution, produced from an interspecific cross between Brassica napus (AACC genome) and B. nigra (BB genome), was used as source material for chromosome doubling. Two approaches were undertaken for the production of hexaploids:
firstly, by self-pollination and open-pollination of the triploid hybrid; and secondly, by application of colchicine to axillary
meristems of triploid plants. Sixteen seeds were harvested from triploid plants and two seedlings were confirmed to be hexaploids
with 54 chromosomes. Pollen viability increased from 13% in triploids to a maximum of 49% in hexaploids. Petal length increased
from 1.3 cm (triploid) to 1.9 cm and 1.8 cm in the two hexaploids and longest stamen length increased from 0.9 cm (triploid)
to 1.1 cm in the hexaploids. Pollen grains were longer in hexaploids (43.7 and 46.3 μm) compared to the triploid (25.4 μm).
A few aneuploid offsprings were also observed, with chromosome number ranging from 34 to 48. This study shows that trigenomic
hexaploids can be produced in Brassica through interspecific hybridisation of B. napus and B. nigra followed by colchicine treatment. 相似文献
992.
993.
The impact of boreal forest fire on climate warming 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Randerson JT Liu H Flanner MG Chambers SD Jin Y Hess PG Pfister G Mack MC Treseder KK Welp LR Chapin FS Harden JW Goulden ML Lyons E Neff JC Schuur EA Zender CS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5802):1130-1132
We report measurements and analysis of a boreal forest fire, integrating the effects of greenhouse gases, aerosols, black carbon deposition on snow and sea ice, and postfire changes in surface albedo. The net effect of all agents was to increase radiative forcing during the first year (34 +/- 31 Watts per square meter of burned area), but to decrease radiative forcing when averaged over an 80-year fire cycle (-2.3 +/- 2.2 Watts per square meter) because multidecadal increases in surface albedo had a larger impact than fire-emitted greenhouse gases. This result implies that future increases in boreal fire may not accelerate climate warming. 相似文献
994.
Chen ZY Jing D Bath KG Ieraci A Khan T Siao CJ Herrera DG Toth M Yang C McEwen BS Hempstead BL Lee FS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5796):140-143
A common single-nucleotide polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, a methionine (Met) substitution for valine (Val) at codon 66 (Val66Met), is associated with alterations in brain anatomy and memory, but its relevance to clinical disorders is unclear. We generated a variant BDNF mouse (BDNF(Met/Met)) that reproduces the phenotypic hallmarks in humans with the variant allele. BDNF(Met) was expressed in brain at normal levels, but its secretion from neurons was defective. When placed in stressful settings, BDNF(Met/Met) mice exhibited increased anxiety-related behaviors that were not normalized by the antidepressant, fluoxetine. A variant BDNF may thus play a key role in genetic predispositions to anxiety and depressive disorders. 相似文献
995.
土壤阻力连续测试系统可连续获取农田压实的土壤阻力信息。为研究土壤阻力连续测试系统测试土壤阻力指数(TRI)的适用性,安排了小区对比、大田对比和工作速度影响3个试验,进行了土壤阻力指数TRI值与土壤圆锥指数CI值对比分析。试验结果表明:在表征农田土壤压实程度上,TRI值与CI值具有一致性,即利用土壤阻力连续测量系统测取的TRI数据可以反应农田土壤的压实程度;土壤阻力连续测量系统采样连续、数据信息量大和采样效率高,适合于大面积农田土壤信息快速采集,有利于变耕深耕作技术的开展;在保证系统高效、安全和测试数据稳定的前提下,试验结果显示测试系统较理想的工作速度是1.0m/s。 相似文献
996.
Comparative study of conventional and artificial neural network-based ETo estimation models 总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1
Accurate estimation of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) is required for several hydrological studies and thus, in the
past, a number of ETo estimation methods have been developed with different degree of complexity and data requirement. The
present study was carried out to develop artificial neural network (ANN) based reference crop evapotranspiration models corresponding
to the ASCE’s best ranking conventional ETo estimation methods (Jensen et al. ASCE Manual and Rep. on Engrg. Pract. no. 70,
1990). Among the radiation methods, FAO-24 radiation (or Rad) method for arid and Turc method for humid region, and among
the temperature methods, FAO-24 Blaney–Criddle (or BC) method were studied. The ANN architectures corresponding to the above
three less data-intensive methods were developed for four CIMIS (California Irrigation Management Information System) stations,
namely, Davis, Castroville, Mulberry, and West Side Field station. The comprehensive ANN architecture developed by Kumar et
al. (J Irrig Drain Eng 128(4):224–233, 2002) corresponding to Penman–Monteith (PM) ETo for Davis was also tried for the other
three stations. Daily meteorological data for a period of more than 10 years (01 January 1990 to 30 June 2000) were collected
from these stations and were used to train, test, and validate the ANN models. Two learning schemes, namely, standard back-propagation
with learning rate of 0.2 and standard back-propagation with momentum having learning rate of 0.2 and momentum term of 0.95
were considered. ETo estimation performance of the ANN models was compared with the FAO-56 PM method. It was found that the
ANN models gave better closeness to FAO-56 PM ETo than the best ranking method in each category (radiation and temperature).
Thus these models can be used for ETo estimation in agreement with climatic data availability, when not all required climatic
variables are observed. 相似文献
997.
High levels of soil sodicity, resulting from intensive irrigation with saline-sodic waters, lead to an increased soil susceptibility to seal formation and to severe problems of runoff and soil erosion. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the addition of small amounts of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to the irrigation water in controlling seal formation, runoff and soil erosion. Two predominantly montmorillonitic soils were studied, a grumusol (Typic Haploxerert) and a loess (Calcic Haploxeralf), having naturally occurring exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP)>12. The soils were exposed to 60 mm of simulated irrigation with commonly used tap water (TW, electrical conductivity=0.8 dS m–1; sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)=2), or saline water (SW, electrical conductivity=5.0 dS m–1; SAR>12). PAM effectiveness in controlling runoff and erosion from the sodic soils was compared with runoff and erosion levels obtained from untreated soils having low ESPs (<4). For both soils and for both water qualities and polymer concentrations in the irrigation water, PAM was efficient in controlling runoff at low ESP levels and inefficient at high ESP levels. At moderate ESP levels, PAM's efficacy in controlling runoff was inconsistent and varied with water quality and polymer concentration. Conversely, in general, soil loss originating from rill erosion, was significantly and effectively reduced in moderate and high ESP soils by addition of PAM to the irrigation water, irrespective of water quality and polymer concentration. PAM was more effective in reducing rill erosion than in reducing runoff in the moderate and high ESP samples, because the energy involved in generating runoff is much higher than that involved in rill erosion. PAM treated surface aggregates were not stable against the distructive forces leading to seal formation and runoff production; but they were stable enough to resist the hydraulic shear exerted by the runoff flow. 相似文献
998.
The growth and nitrogen economy of rice under sprinkler and flood irrigation in South East Australia
E. Humphreys W. A. Muirhead F. M. Melhuish R. J. G. White J. Blackwell 《Irrigation Science》1989,10(3):201-213
Summary Dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L., cv. Calrose) was subjected to 4 irrigation treatments — continuous flood (CF) and sprinkler irrigation at frequencies of one (S1 W), two (S2W) and three (S3W) applications per week — commencing 37 d after 50% emergence (DAE). The amount of water applied was calculated to replace water lost by pan evaporation. Urea (120 kg N ha–1) was applied in a 1:1 split 36 and 84 DAE, and there were also unfertilized controls for each irrigation treatment. Amounts of nitrate (NO
3
–
) in the soil were very low throughout the growing season in all treatments, despite regular periods of draining which lasted for up to 7 d in SlW. In all irrigation treatments, the majority of the fertilizer nitrogen (N) was located in the top 20 mm of soil. After each application of fertilizer, levels of mineral N in CF declined rapidly, while levels in S3W and S1W remained high for 1–2 weeks longer. The poor growth of sprinkler-irrigated rice was not due to lower amounts of mineral N in the soil. The greater persistence of fertilizer N in the sprinkler-irrigated treatments was probably due to reduced root activity near the soil surface because of frequent periods of soil drying in between irrigations. Net mineralization of soil N in the unfertilized sprinkler-irrigated treatments was reduced by about half compared with CF.On average, the quantity of water applied (1.2–1.4 × EP) to the sprinkler-irrigated treatments appeared to be sufficient to meet the evapotranspiration demands of the crop, except possibly around flowering time. However, the plants may have suffered from moisture stress in between irrigations. Soil matric potential data at 100 mm suggested little water stress in the sprinkler-irrigated treatments during the vegetative stage, consistent with the similar tiller and panicle densities in all irrigation treatments. However, the crop was stunted and yellow and leaf rolling was observed in the sprinkler-irrigated treatments during this period. Soil matric potential data at 100 mm indicated considerable water stress in S1W beyond the commencement of anthesis, and in S2W during grain filling, consistent with the reduced floret fertility and grain weight in those treatments. 相似文献
999.
A. Akramkhanov R. Sommer C. Martius J. M. H. Hendrickx P. L. G. Vlek 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2008,22(1):115-126
In Khorezm, a district of Uzbekistan situated in the Aral Sea Basin, soil salinization is an important driver of soil degradation
in irrigated agriculture. The main objective of this study was to identify techniques that enable rapid estimation of soil
salinity. Therefore, bulk electrical conductivity of the soil (ECa-meas) was measured with three different devices (2P, 4P, and CM-138) and electrical conductivity of the soil paste (ECp-meas) was measured with the so-called 2XP device. These measurements were compared with independent estimates of ECa-calc and ECp-calc based on laboratory measurements of the saturated extract, ECe, of soil samples from the same sites. Soil salinity could be assessed satisfactorily with all four devices. ECp-meas could be well reproduced by the 2XP device (R
2 = 0.76), whereas ECa-meas estimates using 2P, 4P, and CM-138 in the field were less accurate (R
2 < 0.50). The sensitivity of all devices to the main ions Cl− and Ca2 + suggests that the measuring principles are similar for all instruments. The devices can therefore be used interchangeably.
Field assessment of soil salinity was considerably enhanced by the use of CM-138, because large areas can be quickly assessed,
which may be desirable in spite of the lower accuracy. 相似文献
1000.
Improved approaches for irrigation scheduling require specific protocols for adaptation to different growing conditions. We assessed crop intercepted radiation as the main factor for decision on irrigation scheduling. Over two growing seasons (2007-2008), apple trees growing in a large weighing lysimeter were used to measure daily canopy transpiration (Td). Seasonal patterns of daily canopy intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPARd) and midday stem water potential were also measured. In 2007, irrigation was withheld in two different times to study Td responses to midday stem water potential. Before harvest, under full irrigation, Td increased linearly with IPARd (R2 = 0.81 in 2007 and 0.84 in 2008). With the two year data combined, R2 increased from 0.74 to 0.80 when VPD was considered as a second variable. When irrigation was withheld in 2007 the ratio between Td and IPARd, which is defined here as transpiratory radiation use efficiency (TRUE), decreased linearly (R2 = 0.49) as midday stem water potential decreased. Due to the highly significant effect of IPARd and VPD on Td, TRUE showed potential applications in estimating the amount of irrigation water. 相似文献