季节放牧对典型草原植物群落不同生长季特征的影响

在内蒙古典型草原区建立放牧试验平台,研究秋季、冬季和初春放牧对草地植物返青期土壤温湿环境和植物生长以及生长旺季植物群落地上生物量及其构成的影响。结果表明:在草地返青季,秋季放牧草地表层土壤湿度相对于其他处理显著降低,而温度相对升高;土壤表层湿度与草地枯落物总量、立枯量呈显著正相关;秋季和冬季放牧显著降低草地返青期的地上生物量;秋季放牧显著降低优势植物地上生物量;而初春放牧不影响草地返青期的群落生物量。在生长旺季,初春放牧草地群落及其高大优势植物大针茅和羊草的生物量显著增加,而其下层的糙隐子草和杂类草生物量显著减少。     

氧化钕经鼻滴注对小鼠神经系统的影响

研究氧化钕经鼻滴注对小鼠神经系统的影响,进一步考察氧化钕的神经毒性是否存在剂量和尺寸效应。选取健康的ICR雌鼠48只,随机分为对照组、低剂量纳米(L-nm)氧化钕组(1μg/mL)、高剂量纳米(H-nm)氧化钕组(40μg/mL)和低剂量微米(L-μm)氧化钕组(1μg/mL)。经鼻染毒,共10d,隔天1次;染毒第2次之后进行水迷宫试验,定位航行试验7d,1d一个单元,同时在第7天进行空间探索试验;取血,进行生化指标检测;取脑置于100g/L甲醛溶液固定,常规脱水,石蜡包埋、切片,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色。剂量效应显示,不同浓度纳米氧化钕对小鼠经鼻滴注,高纳米组与低纳米组相比,目标象限游程占总游程百分比较高(P0.05),但在此尺寸条件下剂量效应不明显。尺寸效应显示,相同浓度纳米氧化钕对小鼠经鼻滴注,L-μm组海马颗粒细胞排列稀疏,细胞脱落;L-nm组海马齿状回颗粒细胞排列较整齐,可见部分细胞核固缩在此试验浓度条件下尺寸效应不明显。血液生物标志物检查试验显示,氧化钕经鼻滴注会对小鼠肝功能、肾功能产生一定的损伤。不同浓度纳米氧化钕经鼻滴注,对小鼠有轻微的刺激学习记忆的作用,但剂量效应不明显。低微米氧化钕对小鼠神经系统有轻微的损伤,但与低纳米氧化钕相比,差异不显著,表明尺寸效应不明显。     

Altitude effects on technology and productivity of small bovine farms (milk meat) in Veracruz (Gulf of Mexico)

The dual-purpose bovine system represents 98.4% of the bovine livestock of Veracruz, the main cattle-producing state of Mexico. This system supplies calves to meat companies, a sector in which Veracruz has been the national leader in the last decade. The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of the altitudinal zonation of farms on livestock technology and productivity in a microbasin of the Gulf of Mexico where small farms predominate. Structured interviews were applied to producers located in three altitudinal zones (at average altitudes of 50, 140, and 450 m, respectively, for lower, middle, and upper zones). Sample size was 135 farms having similar land surface (within a range of 15–22 ha). The results indicated multiple differences among farms located in the three zones. Farms in the middle and lower zones presented higher productive indicators than those in the upper zone. Differences in herd structure and management resulted in important differences in productivity, income, and profits in milk and calf production. We concluded from this study that altitudinal zonation in Veracruz had a clear effect on the differentiation of small farms, which are representative of dual-purpose cattle. The upper zone performs cattle activity under conditions with greater disadvantages in the analyzed region.     

Effects of surgical implantation of temperature dataloggers on reproduction of captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis).

A total of 20 (14 females, six males) captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) with miniature temperature dataloggers implanted free in the abdominal cavity were examined for reproductive performance and pathology because of implants. Eleven of 12 female skunks reproduced successfully 45.9+/-3.7 days after surgery to remove implanted dataloggers. The pregnancy rate of 91.7% (11/12) was much higher than other captive studies and was comparable with that of wild skunks. Eight striped skunks (six males, two females) that were euthanatized and necropsied after having implants in the abdominal cavity for 5 mo showed no apparent pathology associated with the implant. Implantation of the intraperitoneal devices did not lead to complications in abdominal tissues. Neither implant nor surgery affected reproduction. We conclude that implanted dataloggers can safely be used in physiologic studies of striped skunks or possibly other small carnivores in captive or field studies.     

Electron microscopic observation of the respiratory tract of SPF piglets inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Seven hysterectomy derived piglets were repeatedly challenged with Mycoplasma hyoneumoniae during the first week of life. Samples of trachea, bronchi and lung tissue collected 2–11 weeks post-inoculation (p.i.) were examined using light and electron microscopy. Autoradiography was used to study in more detail the site of M. hyopneumoniae multiplication. Gross lesions were observed in lung tissue and were characterized by hyperplasia of the epithelium and an increased mononuclear cell accumulation in perivascular and peribronchiolar areas. Mild lesions of the trachea and the bronchi, including epithelial hyperplasia and infiltration of the lamina propria by inflammatory cells, were noted.

Electron microscopy showed that, 2–6 weeks p.i., changes in the mid-trachea and bronchi surface consisted of the loss of cilia. Mycoplasmas covered tufts of cilia remaining on the epithelial cell surface. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs showed that they were predominantly found closely associated with the top of cilia. No specialized terminal structure could be seen and no mycoplasma cells were identified lying free in the lumen nor in close contact with the plasma membrane of cells of microvilli. Some fine fibrils radiating from one mycoplasma to another or to cilia were seen at higher magnification by scanning electron microscopy. Six to eleven weeks p.i., a disrupted epithelial surface lacking cilia was observed. Cells were desquamated and shed into the lumen with cellular remains containing droplets of mucus.

Autoradiography revealed that label corresponded to the observed mycoplasma distribution. At the top of cilia, a high density of labeling was visible in the zone of high mycoplasma concentration. Therefore, incorporation of the label in the mycoplasma is proof or their multiplication in the trachea.

The intimate association between the mycoplasma and cilia may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease caused by M. hyopneumoniae (swine enzootic pneumonia).     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen dynamics in oilseed rape using 15N‐labeling field experiment

In order to optimize nitrogen (N) fertilization and to reduce the environmental impact of oilseed rape without decreasing yield, a clearer understanding of N dynamics inside the plant is crucial. The present investigation therefore aimed to study the effects of different N‐application rates on the dynamics of N uptake, partitioning, and remobilization. The experiment was conducted on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Capitol) under three levels of N input (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha^–1) from stem elongation to maturity using ¹⁵N‐labeling technique to distinguish between N uptake and N retranslocation in the plant. Nitrogen fertilization affected the time‐course of N uptake and also the allocation of N taken up from flowering to maturity. Most pod N came from N remobilization, and leaves accounted for the largest source of remobilized N regardless the N‐application rate. However, the contribution of leaves to the remobilized N pool increased with the N dose whereas the one of taproot decreased. Stems were the main sink for remobilized N from stem elongation to flowering. Leaves remained longer on N200 than on N0 and N100 plants, and N concentration in fallen leaves increased with the N treatment and in N100 plants along an axial gradient from the basal to the upper leaves. Overall, these results show that the timing of N supply is more crucial than the N amount to attain a high N efficiency.     

成都平原超级稻超高产群体产量形成与物质生产特点研究

对Ⅱ优602、德香4103、Q优8号等3个超级稻品种不同产量级别群体的产量形成及干物质生产特点进行了研究。结果表明,超级稻品种从中产(产量≤9.0 t/hm2)实现高产(产量9.0~10.5 t/hm2)关键在于每穗粒数提高后库容的增大,并同时提高结实率;而要实现超高产(产量≥10.5 t/hm2)则有赖于大库条件下结实率的进一步提高。此外,超级稻品种产量分别与分蘖临界期后各阶段的干物质积累量存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,超级稻品种高产群体获得高产的关键是提高抽穗后物质生产能力,而要进一步实现超高产则需要抽穗前后干物质生产能力的协同提高。