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41.
Background
Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) have become successful inhabitants of urban areas in recent years. However, our knowledge about the occurrence, distribution and association with land uses of these urban foxes is poor, partly because many favoured habitats are on private properties and therefore hardly accessible to scientists. We assumed that citizen science, i.e. the involvement of the public, could enable researchers to bridge this information gap. We analysed 1179 fox sightings in the city of Vienna, Austria reported via citizen science projects to examine relationships between foxes and the surrounding land use classes as well as sociodemographic parameters.Results
Conditional probabilities of encountering foxes were substantially higher in gardens, areas with a low building density, parks or squares as compared to agricultural areas, industrial areas or forests. Generalized linear model analyses showed that sociodemographic parameters such as education levels, district area, population density and average household income additionally improved the predictability of fox sightings.Conclusions
Reports of fox sightings by citizen scientists might help to support the establishment of wildlife management in cities. Additionally, these data could be used to address public health issues in relation with red foxes as they can carry zoonoses that are also dangerous to humans.42.
Daub Matthias Hakl Ulrike Molendijk Leendert PG Schomaker Corrie Been Thomas H van Beers Thea G Jivishova Sevda Jivishov Emil Keusgen Michael Bluemel Roman Fischer Daniel Grundler Florian MW Reuther Marie Cappel Sabrina Bauer Harald Lang Christian Watrin Cliff den Nijs Loes JMF Van Bruggen Anne-Sophie Karssen Gerrit Kiewnick Sebastian Büchler Urs Roth Irma Frey Jürg 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2015,122(4):189-193
Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - 相似文献
43.
Spatial patterns of soil biological and physical properties in a ridge tilled and a ploughed Luvisol
Evelyn Müller Holger Wildhagen Michael Quintern Jürgen Heß Florian Wichern Rainer Georg Joergensen 《Soil & Tillage Research》2009,105(1):88-95
The present study was conducted to determine the spatial heterogeneity of bulk density, soil moisture, inorganic N, microbial biomass C, and microbial biomass N in the ridge tillage system of Turiel compared to conventional mouldboard ploughing on three sampling dates in May, July, and August. The soil sampling was carried out under vegetation representing the ridge in a high spatial resolution down the soil profile. Bulk density increased with depth and ranged from 1.3 g cm−3 at 10 cm depth to 1.6 g cm−3 at 35 cm in ploughed plots and from 1.0 g m−3 at 5 cm to 1.4 g m−3 at 35 cm in the ridges. In the ploughed plots, the contents of microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N remained roughly constant at 215 and 33 μg g−1 soil, respectively, throughout the experimental period. The microbial biomass C/N ratio varied in a small range around 6.4. In the ridged plots, the contents of microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N were 5% and 6% higher compared to the ploughed plots. Highest microbial biomass C contents of roughly 300 μg g−1 soil were always measured in the crowns in July. The lowest contents of microbial biomass C of 85–137 μg g−1 soil were measured in the furrows. The ridges showed strong spatial heterogeneity in bulk density, soil water content, inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass. 相似文献
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The researches were carried out in 2007, 2008 and 2009 at Cluj-Napoca (Romania), in laboratory and field conditions (grassland ecosystems), in four experiments. Our purpose was to study and use some ecological pest control methods based on indirect and direct strategies: (1) the harmful fauna monitoring in grassland ecosystems and useful fauna identification (by visual control, manually collecting, striking method on a tarpaulin); (2) the use of some physico-mechanical and biotechnical methods (use of barriers-vessels, repellents, attractant traps-alimentary, visual) to control the pests. The researches concerning the indirect strategies, carried out from Mars 2007 to September 2009. There were identified 28 pest species and 29 useful ones. The direct strategies to control the pests consisted of 3 experiments. The use of colored traps with water (August 2008) on a meadow with ryegrass and clover, in 6 variants (white, silver, orange, green, blue and red) + control (yellow), recorded a very good efficacy at all variants excepting the red trap (variant 6). The use of repellents (August 2008), absinth decoction (against aphids and ants), bracken extract (against aphids and snails), common tansy decoction (against ants and soil pests) and kaolinite (against a large amount of pests), recorded good results removing the pests. The attractant traps with alimentary baits (beer), meant the use of 10 vessels on a 1000 m2 area, which captured 200 slugs (August 2009). All three methods recorded a good efficacy against the pests. 相似文献
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Weidner M Welsch T Hübner F Schwerdt G Gekle M Humpf HU 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(22):5676-5684
The mycotoxin T-2 toxin, produced by various Fusarium species, is a widespread contaminant of grain and grain products. Knowledge about its toxicity and metabolism in the human body is crucial for any risk assessment as T-2 toxin can be detected in processed and unprocessed food samples. Cell culture studies using cells of human origin represent a potent model system to study the metabolic fate of T-2 toxin as well as the cytotoxicity in vitro. In this study the metabolism of T-2 toxin was analyzed in a cell line derived from human colon carcinoma cells (HT-29) and primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC) using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Fourier transformation mass spectrometry (HPLC-FTMS). Both cell types metabolized T-2 toxin to a variety of compounds. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis in RPTEC proved the apoptotic effect of T-2 toxin and its metabolites HT-2 toxin and neosolaniol in micromolar concentrations. 相似文献
50.
This review addresses the quantification of anthropogenic pollutants in lacustrine sediments by multidisciplinary analyses including: chronostratigraphy using radioisotopes (137Cs) and radiocarbon dates (14C), trace metal analysis, faecal indicator analysis, as well as antibiotic-resistant genes by molecular analysis. Sediment cores from lakes Lucerne and Geneva that are located at a distance of 150?km from each other reveal a synchronous increase in anthropogenic trace metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, and Mn) following the industrial revolution in Europe about 1850. In both lakes, the peak of water pollution by toxic metals due to discharge of industrial wastewaters was reached in the middle of the twentieth century. During the second part of the twentieth century, both sites show a decrease in metal pollution following the implementation of wastewater treatment plants. On the contrary, the Vidy Bay of Lake Geneva where the treated wastewaters from the city of Lausanne are released since 1964 points out a dramatic increase in trace metal deposition. Later, a high increase in organic matter deposition, in bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) activity as well as antibiotic-resistant genes and bacteria occurred into the bay, simultaneously with the eutrophication of the large and deep perialpine lakes in the 1970s due to excessive external nutrient loading. 相似文献