Television food advertising to children: the extent and nature of exposure

OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern and prevalence of food and drink advertisements to children on commercial television in Sydney, Australia, and compare these with advertising regulations set out in the Children's Television Standards and results from a similar study in 2002. DESIGN: Data were collected by recording television from 06.00 hours until 23.00 hours on all three commercial channels from Sunday 14 May 2006 to Saturday 20 May 2006 (357 h). The study analysed advertisements in two children's viewing periods, one as defined in the 2002 study and the other according to current standards. Food advertisements were coded using 18 food categories and were analysed by time period and popular children's programmes. RESULTS: Food advertisements occurred in similar proportions during children's viewing hours and adult's viewing hours (25.5 vs. 26.9% of all advertisements, respectively), although there was a higher rate of high-fat/high-sugar food advertisements during children's viewing hours (49 vs. 39% of all food advertisements, P < 0.001). There were even more advertisements for high-fat/high-sugar foods during popular children's programmes, contributing to 65.9% of all food advertisements. Estimates of exposure indicate that children aged 5-12 years were exposed to 96 food advertisements, including 63 high-fat/high-sugar advertisements per week. Since 2002, there has been a reduction in overall food and high-fat/high-sugar food advertisements.CONCLUSION: Despite reductions in overall levels of food advertising, children continue to experience high levels of exposure to food advertisements, which remain skewed towards unhealthy foods. Further food advertising regulation should be required to curtail the current levels of advertising of high-fat/high-sugar foods to children, to make them commensurate with recommended levels of consumption.     

成熟期短时渍水胁迫对烤烟碳氮代谢关键酶及主要碳、氮化合物含量的影响

以烤烟云烟97为材料,采用田间试验研究了成熟期短时渍水处理对烤烟碳氮代谢关键酶活性及主要碳、氮化合物含量的影响。结果表明,在烤烟成熟期渍水处理3 d,中部叶片硝酸还原酶活性低于对照,降幅为20.39%;转化酶和淀粉酶活性高于对照,增幅分别为33.14%,56.70%;烟叶淀粉、总氮和烟碱含量有降低趋势,分别下降了2.9,0.74,0.77个百分点,而总糖和还原糖含量有增加趋势,分别上升了1.33,0.46个百分点。说明渍水胁迫使叶片生理代谢紊乱,氮代谢减弱,碳水化合物积累减少。研究结果有助于从生理生化角度揭示成熟期渍水胁迫对烤烟生长和品质形成影响的机制。     

Reproductive Performance of Rabbit Does Artificially Inseminated via Intravaginal Administration of [des-Gly 10, d-Ala6]-LHRH Ethylamide as Ovulation Inductor

This study was aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of rabbit does artificially inseminated (AI) with a GnRH analogue [des‐Gly10, d ‐Ala6]‐LHRH. ethylamide to induce ovulation by intravaginal administration, delivered in the seminal dose. In a preliminary experiment, 39 does were divided into three groups (n = 13) that, at the time of AI, received the following ovulation induction treatments: (i) control group: 20 μg of gonadorelin administered intramuscularly; (ii) 25 μg of the GnRH analogue added to the seminal dose; (iii) 30 μg of the GnRH analogue added to the seminal dose. Fertility did not differ between the three groups (control: 80.6%, group 2: 82.8%, group 3: 73.3%). In a second experiment, a large‐scale field trial was conducted to test the use of 25 μg of the GnRH analogue [des‐Gly10, d ‐Ala6]‐LHRH ethylamide delivered in the seminal dose (n = 270) against 20 μg of gonadorelin administered intramuscularly. Fertility was higher (p < 0.05) when ovulation was induced by intravaginal administration of the GnRH agonist (91.1% vs 85.6%). Prolificacy or mortality at birth was never affected by the ovulation induction treatments. In a third experiment, two groups of does [control group (n = 39): ovulation was induced using 20 μg of gonadorelin administered intramuscularly; treatment group (n = 40): ovulation was induced using 25 μg of [(des‐Gly10, d ‐Ala6)‐LHRH ethylamide added to the seminal dose] were inseminated at 42‐day intervals for five successive AI cycles, to test the response to the GnRH agonist after repeated intravaginal administration to the same animals. Fertility and prolificacy were not influenced by the ovulation induction treatment neither there was an interaction between treatment and parity. The last experiment was aimed to determine whether it could be possible to add the GnRH agonist to the semen in the AI Center, just after semen collection and dilution, or it would have to be added in the farm, immediately before AI. Kindling rates did not significantly differ when ovulation was induced by intramuscular injection of gonadorelin (84.5%) or when the GnRH agonist was added to the seminal dose just at the moment (93.8 %) or 24 h before AI (90.4 %), but it was significantly lower when the hormone was added to the semen 32 h before AI (76.3 %). Prolificacy, however, was not influenced by the ovulation induction treatment.     

PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TUMOR HISTOLOGY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC STAGING FOR RADIATION TREATMENT RESPONSE OF CANINE NASAL TUMORS

Prognostic significance of tumor histology and four computed tomography (CT) staging methods was tested retrospectively in dogs from three treatment centers that underwent intent-to-cure-radiotherapy for intranasal neoplasia. Disease-free and overall survival times were available for 94 dogs. A grouping of anaplastic, squamous cell, and undifferentiated carcinomas had a significantly shorter median disease-free survival (4.4 mo) than a grouping of all sarcomas (10.6 months). Disease-free survivals were not significantly different, when all carcinomas were compared with all sarcomas. The published original and modified WHO staging methods did not significantly relate to either survival endpoint. A modified human maxillary tumor staging system previously applied to canine nasal tumors was prognostically significant for both survival endpoints; a further modified version of that CT-based staging system resulted in improved significance for both survival endpoints. Dogs with unilateral intranasal involvement without bone destruction beyond the turbinates on CT, had longest median survival (23.4 months); CT evidence of cribriform plate involvement was associated with shortest median survival (6.7 months). Combining CT and histology statistically improved prognostic significance for both survival endpoints over the proposed CT staging method alone. Significance was lost when CT stages were collapsed to 相似文献   

低氮胁迫下拟南芥低氮耐性突变体lnt1的氮代谢特征

A growth experiment on agar medium and a hydroponics experiment were carried out to study the nitrogen (N) metabolism of a low-N tolerant mutant (lnt1) of Arabidopsis thaliana under different N levels as compared with the wildtype (WT) Arabidopsis. On the agar medium, no apparent growth differences were observed between the lnt1 and WT plants under a normal N level of 9 mmol L^-1 NO₃^-. However, under a low N level of 0. 18 mmol L^-1 NO₃^-, the growth of the WT plants was greatly retarded, while the lnt1 plants were not affected by low-N stress and showed similar growth with those grown under a normal N level. In the hydroponics experiment, the lnt1 mutant had higher activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT) in both leaves and roots under N-deficient conditions. Moreover, they accumulated less ammonium (NH₄⁺) but more free amino acids in leaves compared with the WT plants. These observations suggest that better N assimilation might contribute to the low-N tolerant phenotype of the lnt1 mutant.     

西藏玛旁雍错流域湖泊面积变化及成因分析

利用1975年地形图、1990年、1999-2009年TM卫星遥感影像和近35 a(1975-2009年)气温、降水、积雪日数、蒸发量等气候资料,分析研究了位于西藏阿里地区南部普兰县境内玛旁雍错、拉昂错湖泊面积变化对气候变化的响应。结果表明：在过去35 a里玛旁雍错、拉昂错面积先减少后增加,总体呈减小趋势,到2009年玛旁雍错面积为415.44 km²,拉昂错面积为261.36 km²。与1975年相比2个湖泊面积分别减少了1.56 km²和11.01 km²;受气候变暖的影响,流域附近的冰川面积也在加速退缩。对1975-2009年普兰县气象资料统计分析可知,降水量减少是导致湖泊面积缩小的主要原因,蒸发量不显著的增加及雪冰消融也是近几年湖泊面积波动变化的原因之一。     

Ganoderma boninense basidiospores in oil palm plantations: evaluation of their possible role in stem rots of Elaeis guineensis

Basidiospores are implicated in the distribution and genetic diversity of Ganoderma boninense, cause of basal stem rot (BSR) and upper stem rot (USR) of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Measurement of aerial basidiospores within plantations in Sumatra showed continuous and high production over 24 h (range c. 2–11 000 spores m^?3) with maximum release during early evening. Basidiospores applied to cut surfaces of fronds, peduncles and stems germinated in situ. Equivalent, extensive wounds are created during plantation harvesting and management and represent potential sites for formation of infective heterokaryons following mating of haploid basidiospore germlings. Use of spore‐sized micro‐beads showed that basidiospores could be pulled up to 10 cm into severed xylem vessels, where they are relatively protected from dehydration, UV irradiation and competing microflora. Diversity of isolates from five locations on two plantations was assessed by RAMS fingerprinting. Isolates from within individual palms with USR were identical and represent single infections, but different USR infections had unique band patterns and revealed separate infections. Some BSR‐affected trees contained more than one isolate, and thus had multiple infections. There was one example of adjacent BSR palms with the same isolate, indicating vegetative spread, but there were no identical genets from BSR infections and adjacent fallen palms. Isolate diversity was as great within a plantation as between plantations. It is evident that basidiospores play a major role in spread and genetic variability of G. boninense. Evidence for direct basidiospore infection via cut fronds, indirectly through roots via colonized debris and less frequently, infection by vegetative, clonal spread is considered.     

青海省海南州高寒草地荒漠化治理技术与对策

总结了海南州高寒干旱草地荒漠化特征和成因,分析出气候变化、毁草开荒、超载过牧、鼠类危害、利用不当、执法不严等是草地荒漠化的主要原因,通过对荒漠化草地实行人工补播优良牧草、灭除毒草、消灭鼠害、禁牧封育、暖棚养畜、营造饲料护牧林等措施,提出了防止草地荒漠化的对策及治理技术.