Relationships between genetic, environmental and nutritional factors influencing osteoporosis in laying hens

1. The effects upon bone quality of feeding limestone in flour or particulate form and housing type (cage or aviary) in lines of hens divergently selected for high (H) or low (L) bone strength over 7 generations were investigated. 2. As in previous generations, highly significant phenotypic differences between lines were observed in all measured bone traits at peak egg production (25 weeks) and towards the end of production (56 weeks) in both cage and aviary systems. 3. At 25 weeks there were no significant effects on bone variables of feeding particulate limestone although a significant reduction in osteoclast number was observed at this age. By 56 weeks osteoclast numbers were further reduced in hens fed particulate limestone and beneficial effects on some bone variables were observed in this treatment group. 4. The genotypic and dietary improvements upon bone quality were independent and additive at both ages. There were very few interactive effects. 5. Hens with the freedom to move in an aviary environment during the laying period had improved bone status compared to caged siblings. Environmental and genotypic effects were additive. 6. There were no effects of line on egg production although H line hens had slightly higher egg production by 56 weeks. Egg numbers were unaffected by diet. Eggshell thickness and strength were unaffected by line but hens fed particulate limestone had thicker- and stronger-shelled eggs over the production period as a whole. 7. We conclude that; (a) genetic selection is extremely effective in improving bone strength and resistance to osteoporosis; (b) allowing hens freedom to exercise can also improve bone strength but may increase the risk of keel damage if they do not have genetically-improved bone status; (c) feeding hens a particulate form of limestone from 15 weeks onwards can also increase bone strength and eggshell quality; (d) genetics, environment and nutrition all have independent and additive effects on bone status in laying hens but the relative effectiveness of these factors is genetics > environment > nutrition.     

基因型鹅副粘病毒NA-1株全基因组的克隆及特性分析

将本实验室分离保存的NA-1株鹅副粘病毒(GPMV)经SPF鸡胚增殖,收集鸡胚尿囊液进行病毒纯化,提取病毒基因组RNA。参考GenBank已收录的GPMVZJ1株基因组序列,设计了8对特异性引物,RT-PCR法分别特异性的扩增出病毒各基因片段,并将各目的基因片段回收纯化,克隆PGEM-T载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,小提质粒选取阳性克隆酶切鉴定并进行序列测定,对测定结果进行拼接得到全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:DQ659677)。NA-1株核苷酸比新城疫病毒(NDV)核苷酸多6个碱基,位于1644~1645nt之间,符合NDV核苷酸“六碱基原则”。序列分析结果表明,GPMVNA-1株与各地代表株核苷酸同源性81.2%~91.3%。同时根据各毒株F基因开放阅读框前389个核苷酸序列绘制出系统发育进化树,结果表明GPMNNA-1株与SF02和QY97病毒株同属于基因型,不同于基因IX型NDV的国家标准株F48E9和基因型的LaSota传统弱毒株。     

影响中苜2号苜蓿愈伤组织诱导的主要因素分析

以MS为基本培养基,采用L16(45)正交试验设计,研究不同外植体类型及植物生长调节物质对中苜2号愈伤组织生长情况、诱导率的影响,筛选适合中苜2号愈伤组织诱导的最佳外植体类型和最优激素配比.结果表明.以下胚轴为外植体诱导的愈伤组织生长状况良好,诱导率高,为诱导愈伤组织的最佳外植体;2,4-D浓度是影响愈伤组织诱导率的最主要因素,其次是外植体类型;诱导中苜2号愈伤组织的最佳培养基为:MS+2,4-D 0.2mg/L+NAA 0.01mg/L+6-BA 1mg/L+KT 0.2mg/L.     

猪白细胞介素2基因的克隆及腺病毒表达载体的构建

根据GenBank中收录的猪白细胞介素2(pIL-2)基因序列,设计1对特异性引物.运用RT-PCR技术从刀豆素(Con A)诱导的猪外周血淋巴细胞总RNA中扩增得到pIL-2基因,并将其克隆至pGEM-T Easy栽体上.核苷酸测序结果显示,获得的基因序列全长493 bp,含465 bp的开放阅读框,编码154个氨基酸,与已知pIL-2核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列的同源性都高达100%.将克隆的pIL-2基因编码阅读框亚克隆至腺病毒穿梭栽体pShuttle-CMV,电转化含腺病毒基因组(pAdEasy-1)的大肠埃希茵细胞BJ5183-AD-1,成功获得了重组腺病毒DNA,将纯化后的重组腺病毒DNA转染AD-293细胞,经过病毒基因组的PCR鉴定和转录水平的RT-PCR鉴定,初步表明,获得了表达pIL-2的重组腺病毒.     

氮肥对无芒雀麦生理特性影响的初步研究

以3年龄无芒雀麦Bromus innermis草地为研究对象,进行草地施氮量对其生理特性影响的研究,结果表明,施氮肥影响无芒雀麦叶片的有关生理指标,随着施氮量的增加,叶片叶绿素含量持续增加;各施肥处理的游离氨基酸极显著地高于对照（P＜0.01）,可溶性糖则显著地低于对照（P＜0.05）;在中肥和高肥处理中硝酸还原酶活性极显著高于对照（P＜0.01）,而硝态氮含量则只有在高肥处理中极显著增加（P＜0.01）。     

不同生长年限紫花苜蓿吸钾特征研究

2007年以播种当年、生长第2、3、4、6年紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为试验对象,采用田间试验和实验室研究相结合的方法,对不同生长年限紫花苜蓿的吸钾特征进行研究,旨在为苜蓿钾素(K)养分管理提供理论依据.结果表明:紫花苜蓿地上部分K含量总体随着生长年限增加而降低,尤以第1茬最为明显;各生长年限苜蓿第4茬K含量明显低于前3茬;根系K含量随生长年限增加而升高,根系K积累量逐年增加;随着生长年限的延长,苜蓿地各土层土壤速效K和全K含量总体呈下降趋势,且降幅逐渐减小;在0~0cm土层内,不同生长年限紫花苜蓿地土壤速效K和全K含量均随土层深度增加呈先降后升的变化趋势,20~30cm土层K含量相对较低;苜蓿追施K肥应充分考虑第4茬苜蓿对K的需求和20~30cm土层K含量较低的特点.     

不同盐胁迫对斜茎黄芪种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]明晰斜茎黄芪种子萌发及幼苗生长对不同盐胁迫的适应性。[方法]分别采用NaCl溶液、Na₂SO₄溶液和Na₂CO₃溶液对斜茎黄芪种子进行盐胁迫处理,每种溶液均设置0（CK）、10、20、30、40 mmol/L 5个浓度梯度,每种溶液每个处理浓度设置3次重复。计算不同盐溶液处理下斜茎黄芪种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和相对盐害率,测定幼苗株高、根长。[结果]随着盐溶液浓度逐渐升高,斜茎黄芪种子萌发及幼苗生长指标均呈下降趋势。与CK组相比,NaCl、Na₂SO₄、Na₂CO₃处理组在盐溶液浓度为40 mmol/L时,斜茎黄芪种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数显著（P<0.05）降低,幼苗株高及根长显著（P<0.05）降低。Na₂SO₄处理组在盐溶液浓度为10 mmol/L时,幼苗根部较CK组长5.5%,低浓度Na₂SO₄溶液促进了幼苗根部生长;Na₂CO₃溶液处理对斜茎黄芪种子造成严重的盐害,各浓度处理组的种子萌发及幼苗生长指标均显著（P<0.05）低于CK组,且各处理浓度之间差异较大。[结论]斜茎黄芪种子对3种盐胁迫的耐受程度为Na₂SO₄>NaCl>Na₂CO₃。低浓度Na₂SO₄溶液对斜茎黄芪种子的萌发和幼苗生长表现出一定的促进作用,Na₂CO₃溶液则表现出较强的抑制作用。     

中国北方部分地区麦田荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性水平

为明确北方地区冬小麦田荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性水平,运用培养皿法和温室盆栽法分别测定了山东、山西、河南、河北、陕西5省13个地区采集点麦田潜在抗药性生物型对苯磺隆的抗性水平,并分别测定了驻马店梁祝镇采集点荠菜潜在抗药性生物型和敏感生物型乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)对苯磺隆的敏感性。培养皿法测定结果表明:驻马店梁祝镇采集点荠菜抗药性生物型对苯磺隆的抗性水平最高,抗性倍数为6.17倍,其他采集点荠菜抗性倍数在0.94～2.04倍之间,仍处于较为敏感状态。温室盆栽法测定结果表明:驻马店梁祝镇采集点荠菜抗性倍数仍为最高,达到233倍, 其他地区采集点荠菜抗性倍数在1.23～3.73倍之间,尚未产生明显的抗药性。离体条件下,苯磺隆对荠菜抗药性和敏感生物型ALS的抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为0.664 μmol/L和0.053 3 μmol/L,抗药性生物型的抗性倍数达12.5倍。结果表明,驻马店梁祝镇采集点荠菜已对苯磺隆产生了较高水平的抗药性,而其体内ALS敏感性降低可能是抗药性产生的原因之一。     

黄芪多糖对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的体外抑菌作用

采用水提醇治法提取黄芪多糖,并应用琼脂扩散法研究了黄芪多糖对几种奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的抑制效果。结果表明,10 mg/mL的黄芪多糖对3种细菌都有一定的抑制效果,其中对大肠埃希菌的抑制作用最强,抑菌圈达11.05 mm±0.31 mm,对链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈分别为8.50 mm±0.71 mm和9.32 mm±0.21 mm。3种细菌的最小抑菌浓度不同,对大肠埃希菌的最小抑菌浓度为6.6 mg/mL,而对金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌则为10.0 mg/mL。     

EGR对增压柴油机排放特性的影响

对于轻型车用增压中冷柴油机,应用真空驱动的弹簧膜片式EGR阀,真空度由控制器根据输入的电压信号量决定,从而控制EGR阀的开度,研究了在不同工况下EGR阀的流通特性,分析了柴油机的HC、CO、NOx排放,烟度和比油耗随EGR率的变化规律。