Gill diseases of cultured salmonids in Ontario.

Between 1977 and 1981, the Fish Pathology Laboratory of the Ontario Veterinary College received 239 cases from trout farms of southern Ontario, 51 (21.3%) of which had diseased gills. Branchial lesions in 86.3% of these 51 cases were characterized by marked lamellar epithelial hyperplasia with epithelial hypertrophy and lamellar fusion. Filamentous bacteria were seen on the surface of the branchial filaments and lamellae in 68.6% of the cases. Our observations highlight the importance of gill diseases as a production problem of farmed salmonids in southern Ontario.     

GLUT4 but not GLUT1 expression decreases early in the development of feline obesity

The increase in obesity in people and pets has been phenomenal. As in man, obesity in pets is a risk factor for many diseases including diabetes mellitus. Recently, tissue-specific regulation of glucose metabolism in fat and muscle tissue has been identified as an important factor for insulin sensitivity and it has been hypothesized that glucose uptake into tissues is altered in obesity causing insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of the glucose transporter proteins GLUT4 and GLUT1 in muscle and fat from lean and obese cats. Seventeen domestic felines were tested in the lean state and again after a 6-month period of ad libitum food intake which led to a significant increase in weight (P<0.0001). Obese cats showed a significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) for glucose, AUC for insulin and a significant decrease in glucose percentage disappearance per min (K-value) (P=0.013, 0.018 and 0.017, respectively) during an intravenous glucose tolerance test, but no change in baseline glucose or glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations. GLUT4 expression was decreased in biopsies of both muscle (P=0.002) and fat (P=0.001) in the obese animals. GLUT4 in muscle and fat significantly and negatively correlated with the insulin AUC (r²=0.36, P=0.004 and r²=0.18, P=0.040, respectively). GLUT1 expression showed no significant change in the obese cats in either tissue. It is concluded that the changes in GLUT4 are early derangements in obesity and occur before glucose intolerance is clinically evident.     

A decade of leafminer invasion in China: lessons learned

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) is a highly invasive species that has become established in agricultural and ornamental crops throughout the world. L. trifolii was first recorded in China in 2005 in Guangdong Province. Subsequently, its known distribution in China has rapidly expanded to another 11 provinces (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian, Guangxi, Shandong, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei and Anhui), where it is currently causing considerable damage and economic losses. Experimental research and field surveys have contributed to our understanding of the ecology of L. trifolii and particularly the process of invasion and its interactions with other established, exotic Liriomyza leafminer species. A number of factors have contributed to the successful establishment of L. trifolii and displacement of interspecific competitors. In China, L. trifolii has become a particularly devastating pest in areas with intensive farming with extensive monocultures and a reliance on insecticide use. Integrated pest management incorporating judicious applications of insecticide combined with biological and cultural controls is likely to provide the best long‐term management strategy for L. trifolii. We provide information regarding 10 years of L. trifolii invasion in China and discuss areas of future research to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of L. trifolii and to improve management programmes for this widespread invasive insect pest. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Crystal structure of inhibitor-bound human 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein

Leukotrienes are proinflammatory products of arachidonic acid oxidation by 5-lipoxygenase that have been shown to be involved in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The integral membrane protein FLAP is essential for leukotriene biosynthesis. We describe the x-ray crystal structures of human FLAP in complex with two leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors at 4.0 and 4.2 angstrom resolution, respectively. The structures show that inhibitors bind in membrane-embedded pockets of FLAP, which suggests how these inhibitors prevent arachidonic acid from binding to FLAP and subsequently being transferred to 5-lipoxygenase, thereby preventing leukotriene biosynthesis. This structural information provides a platform for the development of therapeutics for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.     

含莫纳可林K红曲降低鸡蛋胆固醇效果的研究

48只68周龄的海兰褐蛋鸡分成三组，按0.5％和10％比例分别添加含0．4％莫纳可林K红曲于各组日粮内，饲喂22d，观测其对鸡蛋胆固醇变化的影响。结果表明，投药后5—6d，10％添加组和5％添加组蛋黄胆固醇开始下降；15—22d的胆固醇含量与1～5d相比，10％添加组和5％添加组分别下降了9．02％和5．10％，而对照组升高了5．22％。     

A selective activity-dependent requirement for dynamin 1 in synaptic vesicle endocytosis

Dynamin 1 is a neuron-specific guanosine triphosphatase thought to be critically required for the fission reaction of synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Unexpectedly, mice lacking dynamin 1 were able to form functional synapses, even though their postnatal viability was limited. However, during spontaneous network activity, branched, tubular plasma membrane invaginations accumulated, capped by clathrin-coated pits, in synapses of dynamin 1-knockout mice. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis was severely impaired during strong exogenous stimulation but resumed efficiently when the stimulus was terminated. Thus, dynamin 1-independent mechanisms can support limited synaptic vesicle endocytosis, but dynamin 1 is needed during high levels of neuronal activity.