Fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. II. Enzyme histochemistry of adipose tissue

Adipose tissue in various stages of fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in the rat had the same acid phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase activity pattern as similar stages of the disorder in mink and pig. A weak acid phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase activity was seen in interstitial lipofuscin-laden macrophages in "stage M" yellow fat disease without fat cell degeneration. Activity of these macrophagic enzymes increased when there was fat cell degeneration ("stage S" and "stage E" yellow fat disease). This different phosphatase activity in the same cell type may result from phagocytosis of substrates with variable digestibility. Macrophages directly surrounding affected fat cells in steatitis areas ("stage S" and "stage E") had strong acid phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase activity. As in the pig, increased 5-nucleotidase activity was found in affected fat cells, which probably indicates plasma membrane damage. Increased nonspecific esterase activity occurred around affected fat cells. Only a small part of this esterase activity originated from inflammatory cells. This indicates that an increase of esterase activity in degenerating adipose tissue may be an endogeneous process in this tissue.     

Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. var. atroseptica (Hellmers et Dowson) Dye. Seed Tuber Infection Versus Symptom Expression in the Field1

Based on the time that symptoms of blackleg become evident in the field and the various ways of inoculation, it is concluded that the spread of symptom expression is due to the depth at which the bacteria penetrate into the interior of the tubers. Moreover, it is demonstrated that it is not the closed lenticels which prevent penetration, but the absence of a waterfilm in the intercellular spaces of the tuber tissue.     

60多年来车尔臣河流域主要水文要素特征分析

开展河流主要水文要素变化特征分析,可为不同来水情景下水资源配置（农业需水量计算、山区水库调蓄计算、水利工程规划布局、水资源优化利用等）提供理论依据。以新疆车尔臣河为例,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、小波分析等方法对主要水文要素变化特征进行了分析。车尔臣河径流系列变差系数（Cv）为0.34,偏差系数（Cs）为1.14,径流年际变化相对稳定;1957—2021年间径流整体呈显著增加趋势,其中1957—2003年处于上升、下降的波动状态,在2003年后径流整体呈增加趋势,且在2008年发生突变;径流过程存在 11 a和 19 a的显著主周期,在主周期内还存在 7 a和 11 a的小周期;基于距平百分率法得到丰水年来水为6.630亿m³,平水年来水量为5.319亿m³,枯水年来水量为4.820亿m³;流域降水呈现显著上升趋势,气温呈先下降后上升波动,整体呈上升趋势。研究表明,1957—2021年,在车尔臣河流域,径流年际变化相对稳定,整体呈显著增加趋势,过程存在11 a和19 a的显著主周期,降水呈波动上升趋势,气温也呈增加趋势,在未来水资源配置规划时应重点关注以上特征。     

Metabolic Profiling and In Vitro Assessment of the Biological Activities of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Penicillium chrysogenum “Endozoic of Cliona sp. Marine Sponge” from the Red Sea (Egypt)

Marine sponge-derived endozoic fungi have been gaining increasing importance as promising sources of numerous and unique bioactive compounds. This study investigates the phytochemical profile and biological activities of the ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium chrysogenum derived from Cliona sp. sponge. Thirty-six compounds were tentatively identified from P. chrysogenum ethyl acetate extract along with the kojic acid (KA) isolation. The UPLC-ESI-MS/MS positive ionization mode was used to analyze and identify the extract constituents while 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy were used for kojic acid (KA) structure confirmation. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities were assessed in vitro. Both the extract and kojic acid showed potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC 250 ± 0.82 µg/mL. Interestingly, the extract showed strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC 93.75 ± 0.55 and 19.53 ± 0.48 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, KA showed the same potency against Fusarium oxysporum and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC 39.06 ± 0.85 and 39.06 ± 0.98 µg/mL, respectively. Ultimately, KA showed strong antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ 33.7 ± 0.8 µg/mL. Moreover, the extract and KA showed strong cytotoxic activity against colon carcinoma (with IC₅₀ 22.6 ± 0.8 and 23.4 ± 1.4 µg/mL, respectively) and human larynx carcinoma (with equal IC₅₀ 30.8 ± 1.3 and ± 2.1 µg/mL, respectively), respectively. The current study represents the first insights into the phytochemical profile and biological properties of P. chrysoenum ethyl acetate extract, which could be a promising source of valuable secondary metabolites with potent biological potentials.     

基于称量反馈的设施番茄灌溉系统的构建与应用

为提高设施番茄灌溉的精准性,该研究设计了一种基于称量反馈的灌溉系统,该系统包括称量反馈模块、多源信息采集传输模块、灌溉决策模块与水肥执行模块。称量反馈灌溉决策首先利用卫星定位模组获取灌溉地经纬度信息自动计算当天的日出时刻、日落时刻、日中时刻,结合椰糠条吸水特性与番茄植株日需水量变化规律,把1 d自动划分为4个不同的动态灌溉阶段;根据温室内温湿度信息及排液电导率（electrical conductivity,EC）值反馈的番茄植株根部信息,制定了一般模式灌溉肥液或洗盐模式灌溉清水（或低浓度营养液）。设计试验以基于辐射累积控制灌溉、定时灌溉作为对照,分别从栽培效果、灌溉效果、应用效益方面验证该灌溉系统的应用效果。结果显示使用该称量反馈灌溉系统比基于辐射累积控制灌溉系统灌溉量增加1.8%,用肥量减少7.3%,排液比降低7.9%,排液EC值降低9.3%;与定时灌溉方式相比灌溉量减少11.3%,用肥量减少20.0%,排液比降低17.9%,排液EC值降低4.9%。栽培效果显示,使用该称量反馈灌溉系统的椰糠条栽培番茄在茎粗、叶片叶绿素相对含量、糖度值、单穗质量和基于辐射累积的控制灌溉相比无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但株高增加4.8%;与定时灌溉相比在株高、茎粗、叶片叶绿素相对含量、糖度值、单穗质量均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。预计使用该称量反馈灌溉系统,园区15栋日光温室（1.22 hm²）相比基于辐射累积控制灌溉,应用效益月节约0.276万元,与定时灌溉方式相比,园区月节约2.247万元。该系统简化了番茄植株需水量的计算过程,实现了番茄栽培水分的精准感知与按需精量灌溉。     

The effect of propionic acid on the storage losses of hay

Storage losses in moist hay treated with propionic acid were compared with those occurring in untreated moist hay in two experiments and with field-cured hay in three experiments. Dry matter losses in treated hays ranged from 41 to 8.6% and from 1.7 to 12.6% in untreated hays. Digestible organic matter losses in both treated and untreated hays were generally greater than dry matter losses. Only in one experiment did propionic acid application significantly reduce nutrient losses in moist hays. Nutrient losses, and water-soluble carbohydrate losses in particular, were shown to be correlated with maximum and cumulative bale temperatures during storage in two of the experiments. The rise in hale temperatures during storage was reduced in all three experiments, to a greater or lesser extent, by application of the additive. Loss of propionic acid from the hay during and after application was very large. In the three experiments 86.2, 85.3 and 85.6% of the acid applied was lost by the end of the storage period. Acid distribution studies indicated that variation in acid concentration within bales was as great as between bales. It was concluded that more research is needed into applicator design and position on the baler and into alternative application methods if the benefits of propionic acid as a moist hay preservative are to be fully exploited.     

Studies on Herpesvirus scophthalmi infection of turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.): Histopathological observations

Abstract. The histological features of the disease caused by infection of turbot by Herpesvirus scophthalmi are described. Infection of epidermal cells of skin and gill resulted in the formation of giant cells showing a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic changes associated with the replication of the virus. The effects of the condition together with possible control measures are discussed.