吉林省中西部水资源开发中河流生态保护对策研究

以吉林省水资源开发利用现状为研究对象,针对吉林省河流生态状况,提出了在水资源开发利用中的河流生态保护措施。     

潮土麦田施磷对小麦品质的影响初探

试验结果表明 ,在速效磷 (P2 O5)含量为 2 6 7mg·kg-1的供试土壤上 ,施用磷肥对小麦的营养品质和加工品质有明显影响 .在施磷量 (P2 O5) 0～ 15 0kg·hm-2 范围内 ,随着施磷量增加 ,对品质的改善效应增大 ,当施磷量 (P2 O5)超过 15 0kg·hm-2 以上时 ,品质趋于稳定 ,进一步增加磷肥用量对小麦品质的影响减小 .施磷量增加对品质的改善 ,与旗叶的硝酸还原酶 (NR)活性以及旗叶和子粒的谷丙转氨酶 (GPT)活性增强有关     

The harvest of the freshwater crayfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Astacus leptodactylus</Emphasis> Eschscholtz in Turkey: harvest history,impact of crayfish plague,and present distribution of harvested populations

This review focuses on the present distribution of populations of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus that are harvested in Turkey. It also examines the history of this harvest and the impact that crayfish plague has had on them. Crayfish plague, caused by the fungus-like organism, Aphanomyces astaci Schikora, 1906, is a severe parasite of freshwater crayfish and has caused a lot of damage to A. leptodactylus populations in Turkey since 1984. Turkey was the largest provider of A. leptodactylus to Western Europe from 1970 (or possibly earlier) until 1986. For example, the peak production was reached in the early 1980s, with over 5,000 tonnes being exported in 1984. On the other hand, as a result of the crayfish plague the harvest of A. leptodactylus was reduced severely in most populations in Turkey after 1985. The harvest was only 320 tonnes in 1991. After the occurrence of crayfish plague in Turkey, in order to increase crayfish production uncontrolled A. leptodactylus stockings have been carried out in many waterbodies throughout Turkey. These introductions have caused an increase in the number of A. leptodactylus populations, but exploitation of A. leptodactylus is still under the pressure of the plague, although there has been a steady increase in crayfish production in recent years. The harvest increased to 2,317 tonnes in 2004. Fortunately, among those populations affected by crayfish plague, large amounts of A. leptodactylus can still be harvested from three lakes, ?znik (Bursa), E?irdir (Isparta) and Çivril (Denizli). Thus, it seems that A. leptodactylus has a degree of resistance to crayfish plague. It is therefore interesting to investigate the resistance of A. leptodactylus caught from these populations to crayfish plague.     

Effects of 17β-estradiol injection on the reproductive efficiency of freshwater crayfish,Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823)

The effects of 17β-estradiol injection (10^?7mol/crayfish) in adult female Astacus leptodactylus on the reproductive efficiency (i.e., pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile numbers) were investigated. In addition, hepatosomatic index, gonodosomatic index, and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels of crayfish ovary, hepatopancreas, and heamolymph before and after injections were also determined. Results showed that E2 injection to females enhances the reproductive efficiency of A.leptodctylus. E2 injection significantly increased pleopodal egg and stage 1 juvenile numbers, GSI, HSI, and concentrations of E2 in heamolymph, ovary, and hepatopancreas. However, E2 injection did not accelerate time of mating and proportion of pleopodal egg-berried females at the first week of reproduction season in this species. This study highlights that to improve the reproductive efficiency of A.leptodctylus by using hormones to regulate the ovarian cycle, E2 should be used at least 1.5 months before the commencement of the breeding season.     

Spirulina as a natural carotenoid source on growth, pigmentation and reproductive performance of yellow tail cichlid Pseudotropheus acei

A feeding trial on yellow tail cichlid Pseudotropheus acei (Regan 1922) was undertaken to asses the effect of dietary Spirulina meal as a natural carotenoid source. Four experimental diets were formulated to progressively replace 0% (C), 2.5% (SP2.5), 5% (SP5) and 10% (SP10) of fish meal weight. Ten fish per tank (initial weight 3.75?±?0.02?g) were randomly distributed into twelve 80?l fiberglass tanks connected to a closed recirculation system (temperature 26.7?±?0.06°C). The diets were tested in triplicate for 12?weeks. The specific growth rate of fish fed all Spirulina diets were significantly higher compared to diet C. Feed intake (FI) tended to increase with dietary Spirulina level, and fish fed diet SP10 had significantly higher FI values compared to diet C. No significant differences in feed conversion ratio were observed among these groups. Although the protein efficiency ratio of fish fed diet C was lower than that of all Spirulina diets, no significant differences were observed among these groups (P?>?0.05). The total egg production and hatching rate (%) of eggs derived from all fish fed with Spirulina diets was significantly higher compared those from fish fed diet C. The yellow and blue coloration of yellow tail cichlid fed the diet containing Spirulina meal was enhanced and inclusion of dietary Spirulina meal was elevated carotenoids in skin. Results of the present study indicated that Spirulina meal has the potential to enhance the growth, reproductive performance and coloration on yellow tail cichlid.     

马拉硫磷和甲氰菊酯对萼花臂尾轮虫生殖的影响

研究了不同浓度马拉硫磷(malathion)(0.03、0.3、3.0、30.0、300.0、3000.0μg/L)和甲氰菊酯(fenpropath-rin)(0.004、0.04、0.4、4.0、40.0、400.0μg/L)对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)3d种群增长率、携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数、混交雌体百分率、混交雌体受精率及7d休眠卵产量影响。结果表明,马拉硫磷、甲氰菊酯对种群增长率、混交雌体百分率、混交雌体受精率及7d休眠卵产量有显著影响;马拉硫磷对携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数无显著影响,但甲氰菊酯有显著影响。马拉硫磷对轮虫休眠卵产量最低效应浓度(LOEC)为0.3μg/L,对混交雌体百分率LOEC为30.0μg/L,对种群增长率和混交雌体受精率LOEC为300.0μg/L;甲氰菊酯对轮虫休眠卵产量最低效应浓度0.04μg/L,对混交雌体百分率和携卵雌体数/非携卵雌体数LOEC为4.0μg/L,对种群增长率和混交雌体受精率LOEC为40.0μg/L。试验显示,马拉硫磷和甲氰菊酯对轮虫生殖存在差异,轮虫休眠卵产量可以用来监测和评价2种杀虫剂潜在的影响。     

中华鳖不同生态养殖模式对池塘水环境及养殖效果的影响

利用条件相近的两组池塘,对中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)的两种生态模式(Ⅰ组:中华鳖-吃食性鱼类鲤和草鱼模式;Ⅱ组:中华鳖-杂食性水生动物鲫和螺模式)对池塘水环境以及养殖效果的影响进行对比试验。结果表明,Ⅱ组CODMn在7、8、和9月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),NH3在6、7、8和9月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),TP在7月和8月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),TN在6、7和8月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),NO2--N在6月和7月显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ组水环境质量较Ⅰ组好。Ⅱ组检出藻类47种,Ⅰ组34种,Ⅱ组种类显著增多(P<0.05);Ⅰ组蓝藻重量占83.18%,硅藻2.98%,隐藻2.65%,甲藻0%,Ⅱ组蓝藻58.59%,硅藻13.44%,隐藻14.00%,甲藻7.07%,Ⅱ组蓝藻明显下降,而硅藻、隐藻、甲藻明显上升(P<0.05)。6月Ⅰ组平均生物量4.18mg/L,Ⅱ组2.57mg/L,8月Ⅰ组29.04mg/L,Ⅱ组5.41mg/L,6月和8月Ⅰ组生物量均显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组Shannon-Wiener指数H’在6月和8月均值分别为2.117和0.7467,Ⅱ组均值分别为2.5427和1.0178,Ⅱ组6月和8月H’均明显增加(P<0.05);在6月,Ⅱ组Margalef丰富度指数d为1.8516,Ⅰ组为1.2499,Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组上升明显(P<0.05);两组的Pielou匀度均指数J差别不大。Ⅱ组中华鳖平均产量11782.5kg/hm2,显著高于Ⅰ组11482.5kg/hm2(P<0.05)。     

基于输出系数模型的丹江口库区非点源污染时空模拟

在南水北调中线工程水源地丹江口库区,以1990、2000和2007年3期LandsatTM影像为基础,通过实地考察,解译出土地利用图,辅以DEM、气象数据及相关社会经济资料,在ArcGIS支持下,使用输出系数模型对库区3期非点源污染进行空间模拟。研究结果表明:3年库区非点源污染TN负荷总量依次为3.325万、3.379万和3.710万t;TP负荷总量分别为0.167万、0.169万和0.186万t。TN、TP最大来源分别是旱地和人类生活排放。河南淅川县污染负荷强度最大,应列为重点治理区域。     

现场围隔及其在水域生态学研究中的应用

现场围隔通过围隔水体建立一个相对封闭的生态系,与周围水体没有交换。使用现场围隔始于20世纪60年代,经过几十年的发展,其结构和功能得到了不同程度的改进和完善,已成为研究水域生态的有效工具,主要用于污染生态学、养殖生态学方面的研究。现场围隔主体结构包括围隔幔、固定支架和围隔幔支架等,附属设备包括防雨罩、电动机、浮力装置和叶轮等,大型围隔容积>100m3,中型围隔容积10～100m3,小型围隔容积1～10m3。通过在目的水域现场开展围隔试验,从而模拟自然水域生态环境,能够大大缩小试验条件和自然环境的差异,使试验结果更加科学,针对性更加明显。现场围隔发展方向是多样化、实用化。     

格网分辨率对生态动力学模型模拟结果的影响

以2009年4月太湖生态学实验数据为基础,研究了15、20、25、30 m格网分辨率下NPZD生态动力学模型模拟结果的差异性.结果表明,格网分辨率和平均浓度及浓度均方根之间存在较复杂的关系,难以用统计方法加以描述.总体而言,格网分辨率的不同,生态动力学模型计算得到的磷浓度、悬浮泥沙浓度和叶绿素a浓度的平均值、均方根和空间布局也将不同.在实际应用中,应该选择适宜的格网分辨率进行生态学参数模拟,进而实现对太湖水体状况的正确模拟与预测.