Children's exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and dibutylphthalate plasticizers from school meals

Packed school meals for children 3-10 years old were studied to evaluate the levels of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) and the influence of the packaging process on meal contamination, and their contribution to daily intake was estimated. The packaging consisted of polyethylene-coated aluminum (PE/Al) dishes thermally welded by a polyethyleneterephthalate-coated aluminum (PET/Al) foil. Foodstuffs before processing were analyzed, too. Total meals before packaging and after packaging were collected. It was found that 92% of foodstuffs employed in meal preparation contained DEHP, and 76% of them DBP, at detectable levels. In cooked foods before packaging the DEHP median concentration levels varied from 111.4 to 154.8 ng/g ww and those of DBP between 32.5 and 59.5 ng/g ww. In packed meals the DEHP median values ranged from 127.0 to 253.3 ng/g ww, and DBP median values varied from 44.1 to 80.5 ng/g ww. The mean increases of median concentrations of DEHP in cooked foods before and after packaging were 113 and 125% for DBP. For nursery and primary school children DEHP intake via school meals can raise on average the respective EFSA TDI by 18 and 12% and that of DBP by 50 and 30%.     

Empathic design for wood product innovation based on genuine customer needs – A test application on Swedish builders

This study aimed at identifying the problems and needs connected with builders’ use of wood products in building and renovation projects and developing a method to channel these needs into product innovation activities. It is built on the understanding that users of a wood product experience needs that may reveal themselves only when a product is used. Therefore, the empathic design was used to detect these needs. Two building contractors and two apprentices were studied for five working days at two renovation projects. In total, 11 product and service needs concerning wood products were identified. Most of the identified needs were related to the potential for time savings. The needs were later presented and discussed in a workshop with a team of persons from different parts of the wood product supply chain and innovation concepts were outlined. The workshop participants found the approach both informative (about hidden needs) and productive (by generating new product ideas). Although the results must be generalized with caution, the study indicates that an empathic design method, integrated with an idea-generating stage, is a suitable approach for product development in the wood sector.