Effect of physiological age on growth vigour of seed potatoes of two cultivars. 2. Influence of storage period and storage temperature on dry matter content and peroxidase activity of sprouts

Summary Tubers of potato cultivars Jaerla and Désirée were harvested in three successive years and the relationship between dry matter content and peroxidase activity of the sprouts and physiological ageing of the tubers during storage at 4 and 12°C was investigated. Dry matter content and peroxidase activity showed a good correlation with decreased sprouting capacity and incubation period.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird der Einfluss der physiologischen alters von Pflanzknollen auf den Trockenmasse-Gehalt und die Peroxydase-Aktivit?t der Keime diskutiert. In dieser kombinierten Studie über drei Vegetationsperiode (1979–1981) wurden Pflanzknollen der Sorten Jaerla und Désirée von gleicher Herkunft, gelagert bei 4°C und 12°C, verwendet. Zu aufeinanderfolgenden Anfangsdaten wurden Knollenproben entkeimt (erste Keime), anschliessend liess man die Knollen bei 18°C und für vier Wochen erneut Keime bilden (zweite Keime). Bei ersten wie zweiten Keimen gleichermassen war der Trockenmasse-Gehalt am Anfang (ca. 100 Tage Lagerung) hoch, ging dann auf ein Minimum zurück und stieg endlich erneut auf einen ziemlich hohen Grad w?hrend des Alterns (Abb. 1 und 2). Bei 12°C waren die ?nderungen im Trockenmasse-Gehalt der zweiten Keime deutlicher als bei 4°C, vor allem bei Désirée. Die Peroxydase-Aktivit?t wurde bei beiden Sorten in den ersten Keimen von Knollen, die bei 12°C gelagert waren, gemessen. Bei Jaerla ergab sich ein scharfer Anstieg der Peroxydase-Aktivit?t nach ca. 200 Tagen, bei Désirée nach ca. 250 Tagen (Abb. 3). Der Anstieg des Trockenmasse-Gehaltes von zweiten Keimen und der Anstieg der Peroxydase-Aktivit?t bei ersten Keimen steht in Beziehung zum Rückgang der Keimungskapazit?t und den Anstieg der Inkubationsperiode (Daten von Hartmans & van Loon, 1987), nachdem ein Maximum bei der Keimungskapazit?t durchgangen worden war (Tabelle 1 und 2). Deshalb k?nnen sowohl Trockenmasse-Gehalt wie auch Peroxydase-Aktivit?t der Keime wirkungsvolle Mittel zur Charakterisierung des physiologischen Alterns der Saatkartoffeln sein.

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Résumé L'influence de l'age physiologique du plant sur la teneur en matière sèche et sur l'activité péroxydasique des germes est discutée. Des études concertées sont réalisées pendant trois saisons (1979–1981) avec des plants des variétés Jaerla et Désirée de même origine et conservés à 4°C et 12°C. A des dates successives des échantillons de tubercules sont égermés (premiers germes), quis mis à prégermer à 18°C pendant quatre semaines (seconds germes). Dans les deux cas, premiers et seconds germes, la teneur en matière sèche des germes est élevée en début de conservation (100 jours), elle s'abaisse ensuite pour atteindre un minimum, augmente de nouveau et se maintient à un niveau relativement haut pendant la phase finale du vieillissement (figures 1 et 2). A 12°C les modifications de la teneur en matière sèche des seconds germes sont plus marquées qu'à 4°C, notamment pour la variété Désirée. L'activité de la péroxydase est mesurée pour les deux variétés dans les premiers germes des tubercules conservés à 12°C; elle augmente de fa?on importante après environ 200 jours pour Jaerla et après environ 250 jours pour Désirée (figure 3). L'augmentation de la matière sèche des seconds germes et de l'activité péroxydasique des premiers germes est en relation avec la diminution de la capacité germinative et la période d'incubation (selon Hartmans & van Loon, 1987) une fois passé le maximum de vigueur germinative (tableaux 1 et 2). Il est possible que la teneur en matière sèche et l'activité péroxydasique des germes puissent constituer un outil pour caractériser le vieillissement physiologique des tubercules de semence.

     

Ventroaxial luxation of the apex of the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage in resting horses during induced swallowing or nasal occlusion

OBJECTIVE: To report ventroaxial luxation of the apex of the left or right corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage under the contralateral corniculate process during resting endoscopic examination, and morphologic features of the larynx of 1 affected horse. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Horses (n=8). METHODS: Horses had endoscopic examination as part of a survey of Clydesdale horses (n=7), or investigation of poor performance in Thoroughbred horses (1). One Clydesdale was euthanatized and the larynx examined; 4 cadaver larynges from normal horses were also examined. RESULTS: Ventroaxial luxation of the apex of the left or right corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage was not detected during quiet breathing but was induced by swallowing or nasal occlusion. Prevalence in Clydesdales was 5.2% (7/133). A Thoroughbred with identical endoscopic appearance of the larynx at rest had progressive ventroaxial luxation of the apex of the arytenoid cartilage during high-speed treadmill endoscopy, associated with abnormal respiratory noise. Necropsy examination of an affected Clydesdale larynx revealed an excessively wide (10 mm) transverse arytenoid ligament that allowed easy separation of the apices of the corniculate processes. In normal cadaver larynges, the apices could not be separated with abaxial traction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The clinical relevance of this laryngeal observation in resting horses is unclear. Ventroaxial luxation of the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage during induced swallowing or nasal occlusion in resting horses or during high-speed treadmill exercise may be caused by an abnormally wide transverse arytenoid ligament.     

Spatially-Balanced Complete Block designs for field experiments

Spatial heterogeneity in fields may affect the outcome of experiments. The conventional randomized allocation of treatments to plots may cause bias and variable precision in the presence of trends (including periodicity) and spatial autocorrelation. Agricultural scientists appear to mostly use conventional experimental designs that are susceptible to adverse affects from field variability. The objectives of this research were to (i) quantify the use of different experimental designs in agronomic field experiments, and (ii) develop spatially-balanced designs that are insensitive to the effects of both trends and spatial autocorrelation. A review was performed of all research efforts reported in Volumes 93–95 of the Agronomy Journal and the frequency of various experimental designs was determined. It showed that the vast majority (96.7%) of agronomic field experiments are implemented through Randomized Complete Block (RCB) designs. The method of simulated annealing was used to develop Spatially-Balanced Complete Block (SBCB) designs based on two objective functions: promoting spatial balance among treatment contrasts, and disallowing treatments to occur in the same position in different blocks, when possible. SBCB designs were successfully developed for designs up to 15 treatments and 15 replications. Square SBCB designs were realized as Latin Squares, and perfect spatial balance was obtained when feasible. SBCB designs are simple to implement, are analyzed through conventional ANOVAs, and provide protection against the adverse effects of spatial heterogeneity, while randomized allocation of treatments still ensures against user bias.     

Determination of esters of fatty acids with low molecular weight alcohols in olive oils

A simple and precise analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of squalene and methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of fatty acids present in olive and olive pomace oils. A fraction containing squalene and fatty acid alkyl esters was isolated from the oil by solid phase extraction on silica gel cartridges and quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography. A modification of the procedure allowed the isolation of squalene and esters separately. Repeatability and recovery of the method were good. The method was applied to extra and lampant virgin olive oil categories and also to oils obtained from olive pomace by second centrifugation and solvent extraction. Extra virgin olive oils contained low amounts of fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters, while oils obtained from altered olive or olive pomace showed high concentrations of fatty acid alkyl esters, mainly ethyl esters. Correlation between oil acidity and ethyl esters concentration was poor.     

Spatio-temporal analysis of yield and weather data for defining site-specific crop management zones

Precision Agriculture - Understanding yield potential and yield-limiting factors is essential for improving profitability and grain yields while avoiding adverse environmental effects. In the USA,...     

The use of the nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drug cis-atracurium in dogs

Objective This clinical trial attempted to evaluate the potency, onset and duration of action of cis‐atracurium in dogs. Animals Twenty dogs aged between 1 and 15 years and weighing between 15 and 85 kg admitted for a variety of elective, surgical procedures under general anaesthesia. Materials and methods Following induction of general anaesthesia, the effects of an intravenous loading dose of cis‐atracurium (0.1 mg kg^?1) were evaluated by counting visual responses to train of four (TOF) nerve stimulation. Incremental doses of 0.02 or 0.04 mg kg^?1 cis‐atracurium were administered when the first of four responses to TOF stimulation was present. Results An initial dose of 0.1 mg kg^?1 eliminated all four TOF responses in 18 out of 20 dogs. The same dose, repeated 10 minutes later in two animals in which blockade was incomplete, abolished all responses. In dogs receiving 0.1 mg kg^?1 cis‐atracurium neuromuscular blockade lasted 27.2 ± 9.3 minutes. Up to six incremental doses were given in individual animals; incremental doses appeared to be noncumulative. No untoward side‐effects were observed with the use of this drug. There was considerable variation between individuals in response to cis‐atracurium. Conclusions Cis‐atracurium is an effective neuromuscular blocking agent in the dog, although its potency varies. Clinical Relevance Further studies are required to determine whether observed differences in potency are related to age, breed or sex. Cis‐atracurium may prove useful in dogs with impaired renal and or hepatic function.     

Anaesthesia with ketamine/medetomidine in the rabbit: influence of route of administration and the effect of combination with butorphanol

Objective To compare the characteristics of anaesthesia induced with ketamine/medetomidine administered by the subcutaneous and intramuscular routes and to assess the effects of the addition of butorphanol to this combination. Study design Prospective randomised study. Animals Six female New Zealand White rabbits. Methods Rabbits were given one of four combinations of ketamine and medetomidine (K/M) either subcutaneously (SC) or intramuscularly (IM) on four successive occasions with a 7‐day interval between treatments. The dose combinations were; 15/0.25 mg kg^?1 SC; 15/0.25 mg kg^?1 IM; 15/0.5 mg kg^?1 SC, and 15/0.25 mg kg^?1 together with 0.4 mg kg^?1 butorphanol (K/M/B) SC. The effects of anaesthesia on arterial blood gas values and cardiovascular variables were recorded at predetermined time points. Toe and ear pinch reflexes were judged to determine the duration of surgical anaesthesia. Loss of the righting reflex was used to measure the duration of sleep time. Analyses used repeated measures analysis of variance. Results All groups lost the righting reflex and ear pinch response. Three animals in the groups that received K/M alone lost their toe pinch reflex, whereas four lost this reflex when given K/M/B. Time of onset of loss of the righting, toe and ear pinch reflexes did not differ significantly among the groups. The higher dose combination of medetomidine with ketamine and the combination of K/M/B produced a greater duration of loss of the ear pinch response than the lower dose of K/M administered by either route. No significant differences were found among the groups in the duration of loss of the toe pinch reflex. All animals developed a moderate bradycardia (mean heart rate <166 beats minute^?1) and moderate hypoxaemia (mean P_aO₂ < 6.0 kPa). Animals given butorphanol showed the greatest reduction in respiratory rate (31 ± 13 breaths minute^?1, p < 0.05) but this was not reflected in any significant differences in arterial PCO₂, PO₂ or pH among the groups. Conclusions Administration of K/M by the SC route produced equivalent effects in comparison to intramuscular administration. The addition of butorphanol increased the duration of anaesthesia, but produced a slight increase in the degree of respiratory depression. All dose rates resulted in hypoxaemia so oxygen should be administered when these combinations are used in rabbits. Clinical relevance Subcutaneous administration is both technically simpler and may cause less discomfort to the animal than IM injection, and so is preferred. The combination of K/M with butorphanol has relatively minor effects on the depth and duration of anaesthesia, so offers little advantage to the use of K/M alone.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in spanish olive oils: relationship between benzo(a)pyrene and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content

Samples of Spanish virgin olive oils (VOOs) from different categories, origins, varieties, and commercial brands were analyzed by HPLC with a programmable fluorescence detector to determine the content of nine heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perilene, and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene. Samples of olive pomace and crude olive pomace oils were also investigated. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations were below the allowed limit in the European Union (2 microg/kg) in 97% of the VOO samples. Only those samples coming from contaminated olive fruits or obtained in oil mills with highly polluted environments exceeded this value. High correlation coefficients (<0.99) were obtained between the contents of benzo(a)pyrene and the sum of the nine PAHs for all of the analyzed categories, suggesting that benzo(a)pyrene could be used as a marker of the content of these nine PAHs in olive oils.