Entwicklung und gestaltung gehölzreicher weidelandschaften auf reliefiertem niedermoor

Die drastische Reduzierung der Besatzstärke an Rindern auf 0,5–1 GV/ha LF nach der politischen Wende in Ostdeutschland schafft interessante Möglichkeiten der Neugestaltung von Weiden. Um stärker und gleichmäßiger wechselnde Aufenthaltsplätze in der Fläche zu induzieren, könnten Extensivweiden in einer Art aufgelockerter Parklandschaft gestaltet werden. Die Eignung verschiedener Baum‐ und Straucharten für Niedermoore wurde in der Forschungsstation Paulinenaue, nordwestlich von Berlin, analysiert.

Untersuchungen zeigten, daß zukünftig insbesondere ausländische Rinderrassen vor zu starker UV‐Belastung geschützt werden sollten. Die heutigen ausgeräumten Weidelandschaften bieten nicht genügend Schatten und auch nicht ausreichend Windund Wetterschutz während des Winters. Die Entwicklung von vielfältig strukturierten Weiden verbessert das Wohlbefinden der Tiere als auch die Biodiversität des gesamten Ökosystems. Die Landschaft gewinnt durch die Variation von Landschaftselementen, der Stoffkreislauf wird geregelter und die Akzeptanz für den ländlichen Raum in der Bevölkerung steigt.     

Co‐Infection with Pseudomonas anguilliseptica and Delftia acidovorans in the European eel,Anguilla anguilla (L.): a case history of an illegally trafficked protected species

Inspections by customs agents at Barcelona airport discovered 420 kg of contraband glass eels prepared for shipment to Hong Kong. After confiscation of these animals by police, they were transported to holding facilities to be maintained until after a judicial hearing. Upon arrival, they were separated into two groups and held under ambient flow‐through conditions in fresh water. During their captivity period, several peaks in mortality occurred and multiple bacterial strains were isolated from moribund animals. Sequencing of 16S rDNA was used to determine specific identity of the isolates. An initial isolation of Pseudomonas anguilliseptica was treated with oxytetracycline. A subsequent isolation of Delftia acidovorans proved resistant to oxytetracycline and was treated with gentamicin in combination with sulphadiazine–trimethoprim. Once the health condition of the animals was stabilized, they were partitioned into groups and subsequently released as part of a restocking effort for the species following the guidelines of Regulation (EC) 1100/2007 (Anon 2007). This represents the first record for both bacterial species in the host Anguilla anguilla in the Spanish Mediterranean.     

Effects of isolation and fishing on the marine ecosystems of Easter Island and Salas y Gómez,Chile

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Digestive enzyme activities during early ontogeny in Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis)

Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) is one of the most important marine species under commercial exploitation in the Gulf of Mexico; for this reason, interest in developing its culture is a priority. However, larviculture remains as the main bottleneck for massive production. In this sense, our objective was to determine the changes of digestive enzymes activities using biochemical and electrophoretic techniques during 36?days of Common snook larviculture fed with live preys (microalgae, rotifers, and Artemia). During larviculture, all digestive enzymatic activities were detected with low values since yolk absorption, 2?days after hatching (dah) onwards. However, the maximum values for alkaline protease (6,500?U?mg?protein^?1), trypsin (0.053?mU?×?10^?3?mg?protein^?1), and Leucine aminopeptidase (1.4?×?10^?3?mU?mg?protein^?1) were detected at 12 dah; for chymotrypsin at 25 dah (3.8?×?10^?3?mU?mg?protein^?1), for carboxypeptidase A (280?mU?mg?protein^?1) and lipase at 36 dah (480?U?mg?protein^?1), for ??-amylase at 7 dah (1.5?U?mg?protein^?1), for acid phosphatases at 34 dah (5.5?U?mg?protein^?1), and finally for alkaline phosphatase at 25 dah (70?U?mg?protein^?1). The alkaline protease zymogram showed two active bands, the first (26.3?kDa) at 25 dah onwards, and the second (51.6?kDa) at 36 dah. The acid protease zymogram showed two bands (RF?=?0.32 and 0.51, respectively) at 34 dah. The digestive enzymatic ontogeny of C. undecimalis is very similar to other strictly marine carnivorous fish, and we suggest that weaning process should be started at 34 dah.     

Partial characterisation of digestive proteases of the Mayan cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus

The characterisation of digestive proteases in native freshwater fish such as the Mayan cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus provides scientific elements that may be used to design balanced feed that matches with the digestive capacity of the fish. The purpose of this study was to characterise the digestive proteases, including the effect of the pH and the temperature on enzyme activity and stability, as well as the effect of inhibitors using multienzymatic extracts of the stomach and intestine of C. urophthalmus juveniles. Results showed that the optimum activities of the acid and alkaline proteases occurred at pH values of 3 and 9, respectively, whereas their optimum temperatures were 55 and 65 °C, respectively. The acid proteases were most stable at pH values of 2–3 and at temperatures of 35–45 °C, whereas the alkaline proteases were most stable at pH values of 6–9 and at 25–55 °C. The inhibition assays recorded a residual activity of 4 % with pepstatin A for the acid proteases. The inhibition of the alkaline proteases was greater than 80 % with TPCK, TLCK, EDTA and ovalbumin, and of 60 and 43.8 % with PMSF and SBT1, respectively. The results obtained in this study make it possible to state that C. urophthalmus has a sufficiently complete digestive enzyme machinery to degrade food items characteristic of an omnivorous fish species, although specimens showed a tendency to carnivory.     

Study of a germplasm collection of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) by multivariate analysis

Loquat species (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) originated in China, later was introduced in Japan. However, introduction in Europe occurred much later, in 18th century, it was introduced as an ornamental tree. Since then, the species was very well adapted to the Mediterranean climate, mainly in South East of Spain, where is located more than 50% of total European crop production. A European Project titled ‘Conservation, evaluation and collection of underutilized fruit species’ supported surveys and collection of plant material from these species in the Mediterranean basin countries. One of these surveys resulted in a germplasm collection of loquat established at IVIA, Valencia, Spain. This collection is being extended with new accessions collected across the world, currently the collection have 123 accessions under study. Germplasm management needs first a characterization of the plant material introduced and second diversity studies into the collection that could point out the variability pattern, to establish groups of accessions with similar traits and the most significant variables. These results allow organizing the information gathered for further uses. In this paper, 62 accessions from the IVIA germplasm collection were studied. Results from 43 variables were gathered and data studied by multivariate analysis. The analysis allowed summarizing the data tables with new variables containing most of the information. These results along with those obtained in the coming years will allow define a nuclear collection (minimum number of accessions that contained all the variability present in the collection).     

Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on the growth performance and humoral immune response in silvery‐black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted for determining the effects of dietary essential amino acids (EAA) deficiencies on growth performance and non‐specific immune responses in silvery‐black porgy juveniles (4.7 ± 0.1 g initial weight). Eleven isoproteic (ca. 47%) diets were formulated including a control diet containing the optimum quantity of EAA, and ten EAA‐deficient diets. All diets contained 36% fish meal and 18.5% crystalline EAA and non‐essential amino acids (NEAA) as the main source of dietary proteins. All the EAA and NEAA incorporated in the crystalline amino acids mixture of the control diet simulated the amino acids profile of the fish meal. The other 10 EAA‐deficient diets were formulated by the deletion of each of the 10 EAA (crystalline form) from the control diet and replaced by a mixture of NEAA for the adjustment of dietary nitrogen contents. At the end of the experiment, fish fed with threonine‐deficient diet showed the lowest survival rate (p < .05), whereas growth performance decreased in fish fed all EAA‐deficient diets, although the reduction in body growth varied depending on the EAA considered. Plasma total protein decreased in all experimental groups except for fish fed the phenylalanine‐deficient diet. Fish fed with arginine‐ and lysine‐deficient diets had the lowest plasma C3, C4, lysozyme, total immunoglobulin and total superoxide dismutase activity (p < .05). Present results indicated that lysine, methionine and threonine were the most limiting EAA in terms of growth performance; however, arginine, threonine and lysine were the most limiting EAA for innate immunity responses in silvery‐black porgy juveniles.     

Histological study of the gastrointestinal tract in longfin yellowtail (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Seriola rivoliana</Emphasis>) larvae

This work contributes basic knowledge on larval development of Seriola rivoliana. A histological study describes the development of the digestive tract and accessory glands in S. rivoliana larvae reared under laboratory conditions at 24 °C from hatching to 30 days post-hatching (DPH). At hatching (2.6 ± 0.12 mm), larvae had an undifferentiated digestive tract with a closed straight tube and a large yolk sac with an oil globule. The liver and pancreas were observed at 1 and 2 days, and the mouth and anus opened at day 2. Enriched rotifers were visible in their digestive tract. At the beginning of the pre-flexion stage, a mixed nutritional period was observed. At day 3, exogenous feeding began; the digestive tract became differentiated into the buccopharynx, esophagus, an undifferentiated stomach, and the intestines. Zymogen granules were visible in the exocrine pancreas. At day 4, supranuclear vacuoles were present in the posterior intestine, indicating the beginning of intracellular digestion. At day 5, goblet cells were present in the esophagus and became functional at day 7 in the esophagus and intestine. The buccopharynx goblet cells developed at day 15. The presence of gastric glands and differentiation of the stomach in the fundic, cardiac, and pyloric regions during the post-flexion stage occurred at day 20. This was the onset of the juvenile period and the beginning of weaning; however, a long co-feeding phase is recommended. Pyloric caeca were observed at day 30 (13.6 ± 1.6 mm). These results provide valuable information on S. rivoliana larvae biology and digestive physiology, which should be useful to improve cultivation techniques and identify ecological features involved in ontogeny.     

西班牙养猪密集地区同时流行A型流感病毒H1N2、H1N1和H3N2亚型的证据

本文报道了对西班牙养猪密集地区进行的猪流感病毒(SIV)血清学和病毒学调查结果,其目的是检测H1N2亚型猪流感病毒是否和在欧洲其它地区一样也流行于这些地区。在西班牙北部和东部地区100个未接种猪流感疫苗的繁育群采集了600份母猪血清,以进行抗H1N1、H3N2和H1N2亚型病毒的血凝抑制试验(HI);再借助鸡胚病毒分离法和商品薄膜免疫分析法,对采自有呼吸道疾患的225份病猪肺样本进行检测以确定是否存在猪流感病毒。通过HI和逆转录酶-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法,再辅以cDNA部分序列的测定,对分离毒株进行鉴定。对血清所作的HI试验表明,在83%受测猪群和76·3%受测猪中至少存在抗一种猪流感病毒亚型的抗体。在受检的600份母猪血清中,仅含抗H1N2、H3N2或H1N1亚型病毒抗体的样本数分别为109份(占总样本比例的18·2%)、60份(10%)和41(6·8%)。从有呼吸道疾患的猪肺样本中分离到12株H3N2亚型病毒、9株H1N1亚型病毒和1株H1N2病毒。对H1N2亚型分离株的神经氨酸酶基因436个核苷酸序列进行的分析,进一步证实了其身份。显然,猪流感依然流行于所研究猪群中,同时一种新的亚型病毒(即H1N2亚型病毒)可能正在开始流行,并且也在西班牙引起了临床发病。     

Study of haemostatic disorders in experimentally induced leishmaniasis in Beagle dogs

Haemostatic alterations in dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantumwere studied before and after therapy with meglumine antimonate. Haemostatic function tests including platelet count, collagen-induced platelet aggregation, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, plasma fibrinogen determination, and serum fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products concentration were performed. In the course of infection and before treatment, moderate thrombocytopenia (P<0·00001) decreased collagen induced platelet aggregation (P=0·0003), prolonged thrombin time (P=0·0117) and increased fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products were observed. Statistically significant differences of plasma fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time were not encountered. Haemostatic parameters returned to normal values after therapy. The results indicate that Leishmania infection may impair haemostasis suggesting induction of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and that treating dogs in an early stage of infection may potentially avoid the possibility of developing an uncompensated DIC.