Cytotoxicity and cytokine production by bovine alveolar macrophages challenged with wild type and leukotoxin-deficient Mannheimia haemolytica

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of ultrasound (US) guidance to perform sciatic and saphenous nerve blocks in dogs. Five dogs were sedated with medetomidine and butorphanol. A high-resolution US transducer was used to locate the nerves, guide placement of the needle and visualise the perineural injection of lidocaine 2%. Electrostimulation was used to confirm correct placement prior to the sciatic block. Nerve functions were evaluated over a 3 h period following administration of atipamezole. Successful identification of the nerves and the quality of the blocks were recorded. Location of the nerves, complete sensory block of the saphenous nerve, and partial to complete sensory and motor blocks of the sciatic nerve were achieved in all dogs. The resultant US guidance is potentially valuable for blocking the sciatic and saphenous nerves in dogs, although further work will be required to ensure a complete block of the sciatic nerve.     

Residues of the lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol and niclosamide in muscle tissue of rainbow trout

Rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) were exposed to the (14)C-labeled lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) (2.1 mg/L) or niclosamide (0.055 mg/L) in an aerated static water bath for 24 h. Fish were sacrificed immediately after exposure. Subsamples of skin-on muscle tissue were analyzed for residues of the lampricides. The primary residues in muscle tissue from fish exposed to TFM were parent TFM (1.08 +/- 0.82 nmol/g) and TFM-glucuronide (0.44 +/- 0.24 nmol/g). Muscle tissue from fish exposed to niclosamide contained niclosamide (1.42 +/- 0.51 nmol/g), niclosamide-glucuronide (0.0644 +/- 0.0276 nmol/g), and a metabolite not previously reported, niclosamide sulfate ester (1.12 +/- 0.33 nmol/g).     

Determination of Soil Lead Variability in Residential Soil for Remediation Decision Making

Eighty soil cores were collected from a residential area adjacent to an automobile battery manufacturing facility to determine the level and variability of lead concentrations in the soil. Results of ICP-MS on HNO₃ digestions showed lead concentrations in the residential soil as high as 2760 mg kg^-1. High variability of lead concentrations of two to three times over short distances, less than a meter, indicated the necessity of remediating the entire soil area based on a clean-up level of 400 mg kg^-1. To delineate areas of soil requiring no remediation at a high level of confidence would have required a more extensive soil sampling survey. High lead concentrations in the residential soil to a depth of approximately 15 cm indicated remediationof residential soil to at least this depth may be necessary. Overall, the high variability of lead concentrations in the residential soil was consistent with a soil having been disturbed by residential activity and illustrated the difficulty in using a single sample per residentialyard for making correct remediation decisions.     

The actions of pyrethroids upon the peripheral nervous system and associated organs in the locust

The actions of a number of pyrethroids upon the crural nerve, chordotonal organs and skeletal muscles of the desert locust were investigated. The compounds were principally 3-phenoxybenzyl esters (with or without an α substituent), and particular attention was given to fenvalerate and related compounds. Four different effects were observed, both during the early stages of intoxication of intact locusts and during perfusion of physiological preparations with low concentrations of the pyrethroids. The type of effect produced was determined by the molecular structure of the pyrethroid. Knockdown activity was associated with one particular effect, and it is suggested that it is the type of action caused by a pyrethroid, rather than its rate of penetration into the insect, that determines whether or not it will have knockdown activity.     

Rindergesundheitsdienst in den Regierungsbezirken Nord- und Südbaden

Contents A report on the Cattle Health Service in the two government districts of Baden, with details of results from three series of research tests. These included basic considerations, general observations on the technical means of carrying out the experiments, the organisation and results of the experiments, followed by a discussion of the causes and preventive measures for problems such as udder diseases, sterility and mortality in calves. Under this scheme, all farms owning cattle come under the Cattle Health Service in order to improve general hygiene and to further preventive health measures. The most important factor in this work is of course the local veterinarian, since he is acquainted with local conditions. Tests to be made in stables should if possible be made annually, being intended primarily as a discovering and advisory service. Therapy and cleansing measures can then be undertaken as a result of these. To date this service has produced a fully documented report on the sanitary conditions at the end of 1965. The situation of udder diseases on an average showed 15 % of cows positive by the Schalm Mastitis Test. Laboratory tests made following these differentiated 8.5% as secretion disturbances. As regards fertility, it was found that 87% of the cows conceived without exceeding the 400 days calving interval. Calf losses in the period from 1959–65 were under 5% on an average (taken on an 87% of calving).     

Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Ubiquitin-positive, tau- and alpha-synuclein-negative inclusions are hallmarks of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although the identity of the ubiquitinated protein specific to either disorder was unknown, we showed that TDP-43 is the major disease protein in both disorders. Pathologic TDP-43 was hyper-phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved to generate C-terminal fragments and was recovered only from affected central nervous system regions, including hippocampus, neocortex, and spinal cord. TDP-43 represents the common pathologic substrate linking these neurodegenerative disorders.     

Intracellular success: cytologic findings in an ulcerated submandibular mass from a cat

A 1-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat had an ulcerated, proliferative lesion in the submandibular area that did not respond to antibiotic therapy. Impression smears from the mass revealed septic pyogranulomatous inflammation, with large numbers of pleomorphic bacteria observed intracellularly within macrophages as well as neutrophils. Bacterial culture was consistent with a diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi, a facultative intracellular coccobacillus capable of replicating within macrophages. The cat's lesion resolved after treatment with rifampin and clarithromycin. R equi should be considered as a differential diagnosis when coccobacilli are recognized within macrophages in cytologic samples.