Cadmium-113 magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Cadmium-113 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used in studies of the structure and dynamics of inorganic and bioinorganic molecules. Chemical dynamics play an important role in the analysis of relaxation and chemical shift data. Na?ve interpretations of relaxation data can be checked by performing these experiments at a variety of temperatures and magnetic field strengths. A combination of solid- and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements can provide the user with unambiguous data on chemical shielding. These data can be used to characterize zinc and calcium ion binding sites in metalloproteins.     

Binding of SH2 domains of phospholipase C gamma 1, GAP, and Src to activated growth factor receptors

Phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC gamma 1) and p21ras guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating protein (GAP) bind to and are phosphorylated by activated growth factor receptors. Both PLC gamma 1 and GAP contain two adjacent copies of the noncatalytic Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. The SH2 domains of PLC gamma 1 synthesized individually in bacteria formed high affinity complexes with the epidermal growth factor (EGF)- or platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-receptors in cell lysates, and bound synergistically to activated receptors when expressed together as one bacterial protein. In vitro complex formation was dependent on prior growth factor stimulation and was competed by intracellular PLC gamma 1. Similar results were obtained for binding of GAP SH2 domains to the PDGF-receptor. The isolated SH2 domains of other signaling proteins, such as p60src and Crk, also bound activated PDGF-receptors in vitro. SH2 domains, therefore, provide a common mechanism by which enzymatically diverse regulatory proteins can physically associate with the same activated receptors and thereby couple growth factor stimulation to intracellular signal transduction pathways.     

Bracken and locust ecdysones: their effects on molting in the desert locust

Bracken contains ecdysone derivatives that are active when injected into locusts. However, when fed to the desert locust as its sole or chief diet, it does not affect molting, growth, or development. There is evidence that, in locusts, the active ecdysones are dehydroxylated to (alpha)-ecdysone and passed out through the gut in the feces. There is no evidence for any uptake of ecdysones from the gut.     

Neutron and gamma ray scattering measurements for subsurface geochemistry

Developed for the oil industry, well logging instrumentation based on electrical, acoustic, and nuclear measurements has been providing information about the localization and evaluation of hydrocarbon-bearing strata for petroleum geologists and engineers since 1927. This method of exploring properties of the earth's crust without taking physical samples is attracting a growing audience of geologists and geophysicists because of recent developments that permit nondestructive measurements of subsurface geochemistry. A combination of nuclear measurement techniques, which use gamma ray and neutron sources, can provide detailed information on rock composition of interest to both industry and academia.     

典型农林复合系统氮素平衡污染与管理研究

采用田间试验、定位监测和参与式农户调查等方法，研究了农林复合系统氮素平衡和非点源污染特征。结果表明，目前早地和整个农田子系统氮素略有盈余，水稻田和复合系统有少量亏缺，林地亏缺较大，而20世纪60年代农田氮素严重亏缺，水土流失是产生亏缺的主要原因，模型评价表明，旱地和水稻田目前的氮素平衡基本合理，但化肥施用的剧增已导致农田气态氮素释放以及地表水和地下非点源污染风险的增加，研究显示，林地极大地减轻了系统水土流失，促进了氮素在各系统间的合理分配，合理施肥，保护林地，实施水保耕作和完善养分管理政策体系是减少农业氮素非点源污染的重要途径。