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51.
Fröberg S Aspegren-Güldorff A Olsson I Marin B Berg C Hernández C Galina CS Lidfors L Svennersten-Sjaunja K 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(1):71-81
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of restricted suckling (RS) in dual-purpose cows and calves compared to artificial
rearing (AR). Twelve Holstein-Zebu cows with calves were assigned to each treatment. Cows were milked once daily in the morning
with calves present to stimulate milk let-down. RS calves suckled 30 min after milking and 30 min in the afternoon, whereas
AR calves were milk-fed from nipple bottles. The daily saleable milk yield was higher in RS than in AR cows (p < 0.01; 7.44 vs 6.50 kg/day), whereas RS cows had lower milk-fat content (p < 0.001). AR cows had higher California Mastitis Test scores (p < 0.001) and lower lactose content (p < 0.001) compared to RS cows, which indicates an improved udder health in RS cows. AR calves displayed more ‘cross-suck’
during suckling/milk feeding (p < 0.001) and during observations of general behaviour (p < 0.05), and more ‘lick and sniff interior’ during milking (p < 0.05) and suckling/milk feeding (p < 0.01), compared to RS calves. During observations of general behaviour the RS calves were more often observed to ‘walk’
(p < 0.01) and ‘lick self’ (p < 0.05) and less frequently to ‘eat concentrate’ (p < 0.05) than AR calves. Results support the hypothesis that RS increases milk yield, influences milk composition and improves
udder health in cows, and decreases abnormal sucking in calves. 相似文献
52.
Concepta McManus Helder Louvandini Rosilene Gugel Luiz Cláudio Bastos Sasaki Eliandra Bianchini Francisco Ernesto Moreno Bernal Samuel Rezende Paiva Tiago Prado Paim 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(1):121-126
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare physical parameters in groups of sheep with different phenotypic characteristics
in the Centre-west region of Brazil. Five groups of sheep, with nine animals per group, were selected, three groups of Santa
Inês animals with different coat colours (white, brown and black), one group with crossbred animals (Santa Inês × Bergamasca)
and one group with animals of the Bergamasca breed. The following traits were evaluated: coat thickness, number and length
of hair, pigmentation level in the coat and the skin as well as the percentage area of sweats glands in the skin tissue, carried
out by histological analysis. The number of hairs and the area of sweats glands were not significantly different between the
evaluated groups. The Bergamasca breed showed low pigmentation of the skin and long hairs. The levels of pigmentation of the
hair and of the skin were highly correlated. Between the Santa Inês groups, the group with white hair showed the better parameters
for heat adaptation, while the brown hair group showed the lower heat adaptation when compared with another hair breed groups. 相似文献
53.
Berta Caballero-López José M. Blanco-Moreno Nicolás Pérez-Hidalgo José M. Michelena-Saval Juli Pujade-Villar Emilio Guerrieri José A. Sánchez-Espigares F. Xavier Sans 《Journal of pest science》2012,85(1):81-88
The aphid–natural enemy interaction in winter wheat fields constitutes a complex system that has been frequently studied because
of its implication for biological control. However, not all of the aphids living in cereal fields are crop pests, as there
are also aphids living on weeds that may serve as alternative hosts or prey for aphid parasitoids or predators. In this context,
a concomitant survey of the plant and insect communities was conducted to understand how different plant communities affect
the abundance and richness of aphids and the interactions with their natural enemies. The plant community was split into functional
groups (grasses, legumes and forbs), and the aphid community was divided into feeding groups according to their host preferences
(specialists in grasses or forbs). The grass aphids, which dominated the total aphid catches, responded positively to grass
cover, which was particularly enhanced in the conventional fields. Conversely, the forb aphids, which mainly conditioned the
total species richness of the aphids, were closely correlated with the local abundance of legumes. The system of cereal aphid-parasitoids
was enhanced in the conventional fields, where the abundance of grasses was higher, whereas the legumes of the organic fields
indirectly played a key role in enhancing the richness of the parasitoids and the abundance of predators. Our findings indicate
that a bottom-up effect exists throughout the plant community, aphids, and aphidophagous insects and that plant community
characteristics should be considered to better understand cereal aphid control. 相似文献
54.
Summary Results from a cooperative breeding programme with timothy for the northern areas of Scandinavia are presented. The main aim of the programme was to identify genotypes for synthetic populations that are high yielding, adapted over the whole area and stable over years. A polycross comprising 12 genotypes from each of five sites within the region was formed. The subsequent 60 half-sib families and four reference varieties were then compared under sward conditions at the same sites. The trials lasted for three years and results for total dry matter yields are presented.Significant differences in yield between lines were found. There were also significant two and three factor interactions between lines, sites and years. A new two-step procedure is presented to select the genotypes to make up a synthetic variety. Firstly, a superiority measure (Q-value) is used to select a group of genotypes that are high yielding and stable over sites and years. Secondly, the GxE part of the Q-value is split into two terms. One measures adaptation to predictable environmental conditions. The other one measures stability to unpredictable changes in the environment. A plot of these two measures provides a tool for discarding unstable or poorly adapted genotypes. The statistical properties of the selection parameters are discussed. 相似文献
55.
A NMR study of water distribution in hardwoods at several equilibrium moisture contents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The water state of one tropical (Robinia coccinea) and two temperate (Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia) hardwoods was determined at different equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) during desorption at 25°C. NMR technique was used
to separate different components of water in wood. The species studied presented different structures, which were apparent
on the spin–spin relaxation T2 values. Three different water components were separated: slow T2 (liquid water in vessel elements), medium T2 (liquid water in fiber and parenchyma elements) and fast T2 (bound or cell wall water). The NMR results showed that even at equilibrated conditions a region exists where loss of liquid
water and bound water takes place simultaneously. This region will vary according to the wood structure. Finally, liquid water
was present at EMC lower than the fiber saturation point, which contradicts the concept of this point when considered as a
bulk property of wood. 相似文献
56.
Water deficit is a serious problem for most agricultural crops, especially in arid–semiarid regions, and limits sustainable development. Production can be improved by reducing evapotranspiration and loss of infiltrated water by the use of a plastic cover. We monitored soil moisture fortnightly over 1 yr using a neutron probe near four trees in an olive grove (Olea europaea, var. Arbequina), two of which had a plastic cover buried in the topsoil around them. These trees were monitored using three neutron probe access tubes per tree to compare the behaviour of soil moisture over time with two other identically instrumented and nearby trees with no cover. Analysis was based on the resultant moisture profiles. The plastic cover retained moisture and increased soil water residence time. During the dry season, the amount of water retained in the plots was at most 15–20% greater in the mid‐season and at least 5–6% greater at the end of season than in the central part of the plots near the trunk. The plastic cover was effective to ca. 50 cm with maximum water content near the soil surface. During the wet season, the cover did not affect soil water. Soil moisture was greater near the tree trunk as a result of stemflow and throughfall. 相似文献
57.
AE Domínguez‐Rebolledo F Martínez‐Pastor AF Bisbal JL Ros‐Santaella O García‐Álvarez A Maroto‐Morales AJ Soler JJ Garde MR Fernández‐Santos 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2011,46(3):393-403
Oxidative stress represents a challenge during sperm manipulation. We have tested the effect of increasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels on red deer spermatozoa after cryopreservation, and the role of male‐to‐male variation in that response. In a first experiment, eight thawed samples were submitted to 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μm H2O2 for 2 h at 37°C. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (H2DCFDA‐CM) increased with H2O2 concentration, but we only detected a decrease in sperm function (motility by CASA and chromatin damage by sperm chromatin structure assay) with 200 μm . Lipoperoxidation assessed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method increased slightly with 50 μm H2O2 and above. In a second experiment, samples from seven males were submitted to 0 and 200 μm H2O2 for 2 h, triplicating the experiment within each male. Males differed at thawing and regarding their response to incubation and H2O2 presence. We found that the kinematic parameters reflected male‐to‐male variability, whereas the response of the different males was similar for lipid peroxidation and viability. A multiparametric analysis showed that males grouped differently if samples were assessed after thawing, after incubation without H2O2 or after incubation with H2O2. Red deer spermatozoa are relatively resilient to H2O2 after thawing, but it seems to be a great male‐to‐male variability regarding the response to oxidative stress. The acknowledgement of this individual variability might improve the development of optimized sperm work protocols. 相似文献
58.
Oscar González‐Davis Elizabeth Ponce‐Rivas M. Del Pilar Sánchez‐Saavedra María‐Enriqueta Muñoz‐Márquez William H. Gerwick 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2012,43(3):387-399
Vibrio spp. are the most common and harmful shrimp pathogenic bacteria; however, microalgae and cyanobacteria have the ability to produce antimicrobial substances against these species. In this study, the organic and aqueous extracts of 28 species of marine microalgae and cyanobacteria were screened against Vibrio campbellii M1. Two of these phytoplankton species with antibacterial activity in aqueous extracts (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Skeletonema costatum) and nontoxic to brine shrimp Artemia franciscana nauplii were used to evaluate their anti‐Vibrio effect when used as green‐water cultures in Vibrio‐challenged white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultures. No differences in mortality of juvenile L. vannamei were observed between treatments tested, suggesting that the pathogenicity of V. campbellii could be related to the growth stage of shrimp. The proximal composition of D. tertiolecta and S. costatum was in the recommended range for penaeid shrimp nutrition, allowing shrimp supplemented with these microalgae to have significantly greater total length and weight than control shrimp. Shrimp supplemented with S. costatum presented the highest values of organic mass (11.48 mg/organism) and growth rate (0.31 mg/d) in comparison to D. tertiolecta. These results indicate that microalgae are not only capable of producing antibacterial compounds against Vibrio but can also help shrimp nutrition. 相似文献
59.
Adrián J. Hernández Shuichi Satoh Viswanath Kiron 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2012,43(5):688-696
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of citric acid (CA) and amino acid chelated trace elements (AA) on the growth, phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency and loading in rainbow trout fed a diet formulated with a low‐fish meal (FM) concentration. A low‐FM basal diet with or without monocalcium phosphate supplementation served as positive and negative control correspondingly. Dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet supplemented either with 1% CA, AA (equivalent to 40 Zn, 20 Mn, and 4 Cu mg/Kg of diet instead of inorganic trace element mix) or a combination of both. Duplicate groups of 35 fish (13.2 g) were fed until apparent satiation during 12 wk. Group of fish fed diets supplemented with 1% CA or AA had a final growth and feed utilization similar to that observed in fish fed the positive control diet (P > 0.05). P absorption was increased with the addition of CA or AA. P retention efficiency rates for these diets were higher in comparison with the rest of the treatments consequently showing the lowest P loading values (P < 0.05). The results indicate that addition of 1% CA or AA, to a low‐FM diet without inorganic P supplementation enhanced fish growth, P retention, and decreased P load to the environment. 相似文献
60.
Gerald Dirnberger Hubert Sterba Sonia Condés Christian Ammer Peter Annighöfer Admir Avdagić Kamil Bielak Gediminas Brazaitis Lluís Coll Michael Heym Václav Hurt Viktor Kurylyak Renzo Motta Maciej Pach Quentin Ponette Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado Jerzy Skrzyszewski Vít Šrámek Géraud de Streel Miroslav Svoboda Tzvetan Zlatanov Hans Pretzsch 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(1):171-183
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominate many of the European forest stands. Also, mixtures of European beech and Scots pine more or less occur over all European countries, but have been scarcely investigated. The area occupied by each species is of high relevance, especially for growth evaluation and comparison of different species in mixed and monospecific stands. Thus, we studied different methods to describe species proportions and their definition as proportion by area. 25 triplets consisting of mixed and monospecific stands were established across Europe ranging from Lithuania to Spain in northern to southern direction and from Bulgaria to Belgium in eastern to western direction. On stand level, the conclusive method for estimating the species proportion as a fraction of the stand area relates the observed density (tree number or basal area) to its potential. This stand-level estimation makes use of the potential from comparable neighboring monospecific stands or from maximum density lines derived from other data, e.g. forest inventories or permanent observations plots. At tree level, the fraction of the stand area occupied by a species can be derived from the proportions of their crown projection area or of their leaf area. The estimates of the potentials obtained from neighboring monospecific stands, especially in older stands, were poorer than those from the maximum density line depending on the Martonne aridity index. Therefore, the stand-level method in combination with the Martonne aridity index for potential densities can be highly recommended. The species’ proportions estimated with this method are best approximated by the proportions of the species’ leaf areas. In forest practice, the most commonly applied method is an ocular estimation of the proportions by crown projection area. Even though the proportions of pine were calculated here by measuring crown projection areas in the field, we found this method to underestimate the proportion by 25% compared to the stand-level approach. 相似文献