Effects of three biochar types on activity of β-glucosidase enzyme in two agricultural soils of different textures

ABSTRACT

Biochar has attracted significant attention due to the long-lasting nature, and prominent influence on soil characteristics. This study was conducted to evaluate changes in the activity of β-glucosidase enzyme (BG) in loamy and sandy loam texture soils following two winter wheat growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates and four treatments. The treatments were two soils, three biochars (rice husk, corn cob and bean harvest residue), five biochar rates (BR) and five levels of mineral fertilizers (FR) or dairy effluent (DE). The fertilizers were applied at the beginning of each season, while biochars were applied only at the beginning of experiment. Soil samples were collected following the second season and analyzed for the BG activity. Addition of biochars reduced the BG activity and the decline was higher in sandy loam compared to loamy soils. Negative effect of biochar to BG activity was greater at the highest BR (3.0%) than the lower BR. Fertilizer additions along with DE biochar had significant effect on BG activity that increased with higher FR. Given the importance of BG activity in soil organic matter decomposition, biochar application can be considered a sustainable way of increase in carbon sequestration.     

不同深松时间与深度条件下土壤物理性状与玉米产量的相关分析

通过对土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤硬度、产量及农艺性状的测定和分析,研究了不同深松时间、深松效果下土壤物理性状和玉米产量的变化并进行相关分析。试验结果表明:经过春季深松40 cm的玉米产量最高,为9 442.5 kg/hm2,比对照增产18.84%,行粒数和百粒重以春季深松40 cm处理的最大。产量与苗期土壤含水量存在极显著正相关,与土壤容重和土壤硬度存在极显著负相关。玉米生育期间对照土壤含水量低于不同处理,春季深松40 cm和深松30 cm处理的土壤含水量高于其他处理。     

中国美利奴绵羊磷脂酶Czeta基因表达载体的构建及原核表达

构建美利奴绵羊磷脂酶 C zeta（PLCζ）融合蛋白表达载体,并在原核细胞内表达及纯化,为其特异性抗体的制备及生物学功能研究奠定基础。用 PCR 技术扩增出 PLCζ基因片段,亚克隆到原核表达载体pCzn1中,导入 Arctic Express TM （DE3）感受态细胞,IPTG 诱导表达,收样后进行 SDS-PAGE 电泳或Western blot 检验 PLCζ的表达情况。用镍离子亲和层析的方法大量纯化融合蛋白。结果显示,重组质粒经 PCR、酶切和测序鉴定证明载体构建正确。pCzn1表达载体在 Arctic Express TM （DE3）表达菌中能很好地表达融合蛋白。表达纯化后可获得了分子量约74 ku 的融合蛋白,符合预期大小。成功构建 pCzn1-PLCζ原核表达载体,表达并纯化了其融合蛋白,Western blot 试验表明其蛋白分子的完整性良好,这将有利于对 PLCζ蛋白进行深入的研究。     

Daidzein enhances immune function in late lactation cows under heat stress

Heat stress decreases natural immunity making cows more vulnerable to diseases. A previous study reported that daidzein can enhance animal resistance to heat stress and regulate animal immunocompetence. However, it is unclear whether daidzein regulates the immune performance of late lactation cows under heat stress. In this study, late lactation cows in four groups were raised in hot weather and fed with basic diet, basic diet plus 200, 300, 400 mg/day daidzein, respectively, and the experimental period was 60 days. Blood was collected to examine the changes of serum total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), immunoglobulin G (IgG), interferon alpha (IFN‐α), and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). We found the levels of serum IgG and INF‐α were significantly higher in late lactation cows after 300 and 400 mg/day daidzein treatment compared to those in the control group and 200 mg/day daidzein treatment (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Moreover, 300 and 400 mg/day daidzein treatment markedly increased serum IL‐2 (P < 0.01), while the levels of serum TP and ALB were not changed by any concentration of daidzein treatment (P > 0.05). Daidzein can enhance the immunocompetence of late lactation cows and strengthen cow resistance to heat stress.     

宜兴畜禽粪便污染负荷时空变化研究

江苏省宜兴市濒临太湖,是太湖流域水污染控制的重点区域.论文以镇区为单位,研究了宜兴市1990～2011年间畜禽粪便污染负荷的时空变化规律.结果表明,宜兴市的耕地畜禽粪便负荷由1990年的9.0 t/hm2上升至2006年的14.0 t/hm2,后下降至2011年的13.3t/hm2.2011年,宜兴市的畜禽粪便处理警报值为0.22,对环境尚不构成威胁.然而,宜兴各镇的畜禽粪便污染负荷差异明显,并日趋呈现空间集聚之势.2011年,在宜兴的西北部形成一个畜禽养殖密集的带状区域,其畜禽粪便处理警报值已超过了0.4的警戒值.在该区域,除推行粪便还田以外,可建立区域畜禽粪便收集处理中心,利用规模效应,降低利用粪便生产生物质能的成本,促进畜禽粪便的高效利用.     

关于小麦籽粒质量标准的讨论

小麦籽粒质量标准与小麦的生产、收储、加工和食品制作的适用性、经济性及市场价格有关.本文在依据谷物化学的理论和方法分析中国小麦籽粒质量标准体系的基础上,根据小麦产业链的生产、收储、加工和食品制作主要环节的质量需求,分析了小麦主产区多年多点农户大田小麦样品和仓储小麦样品籽粒质量特性的现状,讨论了小麦籽粒质量标准存在的问题,提出了制定质量标准的科学依据及指导原则.     

老人葵容器育苗技术

介绍老人葵容器育苗技术,包括筛苗培育、幼苗移栽和移栽后管理等方面内容,以为老人葵的推广种植提供参考。     

Nano-sized albumin-copolymer micelles for efficient doxorubicin delivery

We present the discovery of a nano-sized protein-derived micellar drug delivery system based on the polycationic albumin precursor protein cBSA-147. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was efficiently encapsulated into nanosized micelles based on hydrophobic interactions with the polypeptide scaffold. These micelles revealed attractive stabilities in various physiological buffers and a wide pH range as well as very efficient uptake into A549 cells after 1 h incubation time only. In vitro cytotoxicity was five-times increased compared to free DOX also indicating efficient intracellular drug release. In addition, multiple functional groups are available for further chemical modifications. Based on the hydrophobic loading mechanism, various classical anti-cancer drugs, in principle, could be delivered even synergistically in a single micelle. Considering these aspects, this denatured albumin-based drug delivery system represents a highly attractive platform for nanomedicine approaches towards cancer therapy.     

基于EMD-SD光谱的玉米叶片叶绿素含量GA-BP模型反演

叶绿素是作物进行光合作用所需的主要色素,BP神经网络（BPNN）是较为新颖的反演叶绿素含量的方法。为研究反演精度更高的叶绿素含量反演模型,将经验模态分解（EMD）与光谱微分（SD）结合来提高输入因子与叶绿素含量的相关性,并使用遗传算法（GA）优化BPNN得到GA BP模型以获得最优初始权值阈值。将光谱数据EMD后进行一阶微分变换得到EMD SD光谱,选择与叶绿素含量相关系数超过06的5个波段处的EMD SD值作为GA BP模型的输入因子,隐含层节点数为7,多次训练取最优个体适应度值最低的GA BP模型来反演玉米叶片叶绿素含量。GA BP模型反演得到的预测值与实测值之间的判定系数（R2）最高,达到0818,均方根误差（RMSE）仅为2442,平均相对误差（e）为5436%。研究表明,EMD SD光谱作为GA BP模型的输入因子,与线性模型MLR和未优化的BP模型相比反演精度最高,验证了基于EMD SD光谱的GA BP模型提高玉米叶片叶绿素含量反演精度的可行性。     

Mineral composition of field grown winter wheat inoculated with phosphorus solubilizing bacteria at different plant growth stages

A two year field experiment was conducted in field conditions using wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L. cv. Bezostaja) as the test plant for the evaluation of phosphate solubilizing (+PS) microorganisms. Bacterial strains significantly (P < 0.05) increased plant biomass (by 13 to 36%) without plant P enrichment. Only Bacillus sp. #189 significantly (P < 0.05) raised plant P-content, biomass and rhizosphere soil Olsen P at Zadoks Scale 62 simultaneously. Inoculations variably increased plant potassium (K-), magnesium (Mg-), zinc (Zn-), and managenese (Mn-) contents at harvest (Zadoks 92) but not earlier (Zadoks 31 and 61). The enrichment of the inoculated plants with nutrients other than P indicates the presence of alternative plant growth promoting mechanisms. This study showed that promising phosphate solubilizing microorganisms could increase not only the P content of the plants, but also the soil available P in rhizosphere transiently.