秸秆还田量对东北旱地土壤磷素淋溶及玉米产量的影响

为探讨东北旱地秸秆还田量对磷素在土壤中垂直分布及玉米产量的影响,采用随机区组设计进行玉米栽培试验,以常规施肥为对照（CK）,在常规施肥的基础上添加秸秆,设置秸秆用量分别为0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25和1.50 kg·m^-2。分别测定不同处理0—90 cm土层土壤中全磷（total phosphorus,TP）和速效磷（available phosphorus,AP）含量、淋溶液的累积淋失量和玉米产量。结果表明,土壤TP和AP含量随着土壤深度的加深逐渐减少。与CK相比,随着秸秆还田量的增加磷素向下迁移降低,秸秆还田量对土壤剖面磷素向下迁移影响显著;淋溶液中P含量显著减少,其中TP降低12.93%～59.85%,AP降低11.22%～46.28%。秸秆还田显著影响玉米产量,秸秆还田量为0.75 kg·m^-2时产量最高,较CK增产14.61%。综上所述,秸秆还田可以增加耕层土壤速效磷含量,减少土壤磷素淋失,大幅提高玉米产量,为东北旱地秸秆还田减少磷素淋溶、控制农业面源污染提供了理论依据。     

Quality of Spaghetti Made from Full and Partial Waxy Durum Wheat

The waxy character is achieved in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) when the granule‐bound starch synthase activity is eliminated. The result is a crop that produces kernels with no amylose in the starch. The presence of two Waxy loci in tetraploid wheat permits the production of two partial waxy wheat genotypes. Advanced full and partial waxy durum wheat genotypes were used to study the effect of waxy null alleles on pasta quality. Semolina from full and partial waxy durum wheats was processed into spaghetti with a semicommercial‐scale extruder, and pasta quality was evaluated. Cooked waxy pasta was softer and exhibited more cooking loss than pasta made from traditional durum cultivars. These features were attributed to lower setback of waxy starch as measured with the Rapid Visco Analyser. High cooking loss may be due to the lack of amylose‐protein interaction, preventing the formation of a strong protein network and permitting exudates to escape. Waxy pasta cooked faster but was less resistant to overcooking than normal pasta. Partial waxy pasta properties were similar to results obtained from wild‐type pasta. This indicates that the presence of a single pair of functional waxy genes in durum wheat was sufficient to generate durum grain with normal properties for pasta production. Waxy durum wheat is not suitable for pasta production because of its softening effect. However, this property may offer an advantage in other applications.     

早稻施氮对连作晚稻产量和氮肥利用率及土壤有效氮含量的影响

于20022～005年,在湖南长沙采用连续定位试验,研究了早稻施氮对连作晚稻产量、氮肥利用率、土壤有效氮含量的影响。试验设早稻施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻施氮/晚稻施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻施氮4个处理。结果表明,在连续4年早季施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.45.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.13.t/hm2,氮素吸收量183.6.kg/hm2,分别比连作晚稻不施氮处理增加28.4%、35.1%和103.5%,均达到显著水平;在连续4年早季不施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.61.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.14.t/hm2,氮素吸收量165.6.kg/hm2,分别比不施氮处理增加33.4%、37.6%和95.6%,均亦达到显著水平。连作晚稻在早季不施氮和早季施氮两种情况下氮肥利用率不同,前者的氮肥生理利用率显著高于后者,增幅为37.8%,两者的氮肥农学利用效率、吸收利用率差异不显著,但前者4年氮肥农学利用效率平均值比后者高18.1%,吸收利用率低6.8个百分点。早晚两季均不施氮小区土壤碱解氮含量均明显低于其他施氮小区,但没有出现随试验年度加长而连续下降的趋势;当早稻或晚稻其中有一季施用了氮肥,或者两季均施用了氮肥的小区,土壤碱解氮含量差异不显著。说明连作晚稻产量主要受当季施氮量的影响,而受早季施氮量的影响较小;早季不施氮小区的连作晚稻氮肥的农学利用效率、生理利用率比早季施氮小区高;在一定程度上降低稻田氮肥用量不会导致土壤背景氮含量的下降。     

Differences in metabolism of triploid and diploid Salmo trutta f. lacustris under acclimation conditions and after exposure to stress situations

Differences in metabolism (enzyme activities, metabolites) between diploid and triploid Salmo trutta f. lacustris were investigated under acclimation and stress conditions. Under acclimation conditions enzyme activities differed for 35% of the 27 investigated key regulatory enzymes and temperature optima for 23%. Muscle and liver metabolites related to energy metabolism and diagnostic indices of blood serum were similar, with exception of acetyl‐CoA being increased in triploids. Metabolic rate was lower and gill ventilation rate higher in triploids in comparison with diploids. During the tested stress situations (24 hr endurance swimming, 3 hr exposure to hypoxia in water with 32% oxygen saturation) muscle and liver glycogen decreased and serum and muscle lactate increased in both ploidy levels. Specifically, for triploids muscle adenylate energy charge and phosphocreatine levels decreased after endurance swimming and muscle and liver adenylate energy charge after exposure to hypoxia. Acetyl‐CoA increased in triploids during both stress situations. In summary, there existed differences in metabolism between the two ploidy levels and the energy metabolism of triploids was less balanced under stress.     

Medicine. The NIH Roadmap

The NIH Roadmap is a set of bold initiatives aimed at accelerating medical research. These initiatives will address challenges that no single NIH institute could tackle alone, but the agency as a whole must undertake. The Roadmap identifies the most compelling opportunities in three arenas: new pathways to discovery, research teams of the future, and reengineering the clinical research enterprise.     

小鼠单个冷冻胚胎银染mRNA差异显示方法的建立

为建立单个冷冻胚胎银染mRNA差异显示方法,用小鼠单个4C鲜胚和冻胚RT—PCR产物,验证了冻胚和鲜胚实验结果的一致性。并从小鼠4C和8C冻胚的银染聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中回收了8C期的特异条带,通过再扩增、同收、克隆及酶切鉴定,克隆到了小鼠8C期胚胎差异表达的小鼠RP23—20A6基因。结果表明,所研究建立的单个冻胚银染mRNA差异显示方法具有可行性和有效性,可以用于动物早期胚胎基因表达的研究。     

脲胺氮肥对太湖地区稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响

采用田间小区试验,以普通尿素和氯化铵为对照,研究脲胺氮肥对太湖地区稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:氮肥施入后,氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后5~7天内,氨挥发损失量与田面水NH4+-N浓度呈线性正相关关系。不同氮肥的氨挥发损失差异显著(P0.05),脲胺氮肥的氨挥发损失分别比普通尿素和氯化铵减少了2.71和6.41 kg/hm2,并且该氮肥对水稻有增产的趋势,氮肥利用率分别比普通尿素和氯化铵显著提高了10.43%和10.64%。此外,综合考虑经济和环境效益,该氮肥净收益高于尿素和氯化铵。因此,脲胺氮肥值得在太湖地区推广。     

APSIM模型对宁夏海原地区草田轮作系统的适应性

为验证APSIM模型对宁夏海原地区草田轮作系统的适用性,基于10年生苜蓿(Medicago sativa)与小麦(Triticum aestivum)、谷子(Oryza sativa)草田轮作试验数据和同期气象资料,运用APSIM模型对系统进行了模拟。通过试错法和文献记载完成了苜蓿、小麦和谷子几个品种的参数本地化。用统计和图形校验方法评价了APSIM模型模拟结果的可靠性和准确性。结果表明,谷子-小麦-小麦(MWW)、小麦-谷子-小麦(WMW)、谷子-谷子-小麦(MMW)、谷子-小麦-谷子(MWM)、小麦-谷子-谷子(WMM)、小麦-小麦-谷子(WWM)6种轮作方式下产量实测值和模拟值的决定系数R2值范围在0.83至0.98之间,D值范围在0.94至0.99之间,表现出了良好的相关性和一致性。土壤含水量实测值和模拟值的决定系数R2值范围在0.52至1之间,D值范围在0.92至0.97之间,相关性和一致性表现良好。表明APSIM模型对宁夏海原地区苜蓿与小麦、谷子轮作具有较好的模拟能力,可以用来模拟分析该地区草田轮作系统生产潜力和土壤水分动态,对该地区气候变化影响下草田轮作的优化管理具有一定指导意义。     

几种微生物菌剂处理下连作黄瓜的生长分析

采用盆栽法研究了4种微生物菌剂(连茬王、护根宝、金宝贝、木霉菌肥)处理对连作黄瓜生长的影响。结果表明:4种菌剂处理下连作黄瓜的各项生长指标均较对照有所提高;木霉菌肥和护根宝处理明显提高了连作黄瓜的相对生长率、净同化率、叶面积指数、群体光合势及群体生长率;连茬王处理对黄瓜叶重比及叶片厚度具有明显的促进效应。综合各菌剂对连作黄瓜地上部生长的改善效果,依次为木霉菌肥护根宝连茬王金宝贝。     

柴达木城市绿化草种与树种选择

介绍了海西州地区柴达木城市的特殊干旱、寒冷气候类型中可供选择的绿化树种，和草坪草。