Relative abundance and activity of melanized hyphae in different soil ecosystems

Here we report on the frequency of melanized fungal hyphae in 323 soils, covering different land use types. The proportion of total hyphae that was melanized averaged 61%. Arable fields with loamy sand, heathlands and city parks on sandy soils had the highest percentage of melanized hyphae. In addition to the frequency determinations, a microcosm study was performed on the role of melanized hyphae in two different ecosystems: an ex-arable field and a forest. Melanized hyphae appeared to be part of the active hyphae in the forest soil but not in the ex-arable soil. In conclusion, our results indicate that (1) melanized hyphae represent a large proportion of the total fungal biomass in soils and that (2) their function might differ between ecosystems.     

银杏外种皮综合利用的研究

从银杏外种皮中提取的银杏酚酸和白果酚有杀虫、杀菌作用。银杏酚酸和银杏黄素、银杏异黄素混合物对致病性真菌生长有明显抑制作用 ,且有抗过敏、抗炎等作用。同时测定了银杏外种皮中萜内酯的含量和微量元素、氨基酸、蛋白质的含量。结果表明 :银杏外种皮有综合利用和开发的前景     

Galaxies, human eyes, and artificial neural networks

The quantitative morphological classification of galaxies is important for understanding the origin of type frequency and correlations with environment. However, galaxy morphological classification is still mainly done visually by dedicated individuals, in the spirit of Hubble's original scheme and its modifications. The rapid increase in data on galaxy images at low and high redshift calls for a re-examination of the classification schemes and for automatic methods. Here are shown results from a systematic comparison of the dispersion among human experts classifying a uniformly selected sample of more than 800 digitized galaxy images. These galaxy images were then classified by six of the authors independently. The human classifications are compared with each other and with an automatic classification by an artificial neural network, which replicates the classification by a human expert to the same degree of agreement as that between two human experts.     

香龙血树真菌病害的鉴定

1997-2000年在广州地区的香龙血树[Dracaena fragrans(L.)Ker-Gaw.]种植单位共调查到9种真菌病害，即：可可球二孢茎枯病，顶多毛孢叶斑病，弯孢霉灰斑病，弯孢霉褐斑病，炭疽病，拟盘多毛孢叶斑病，拟茎点霉灰斑病，拟茎点霉叶斑病和球壳孢叶枯病，其病原菌分别被鉴定为：可可球二孢（Botryodiplodia theobromaePat.)、龙血树顶多毛孢（Bartalinia dracaenaeaP.G.Xi,Z.D.JiangetP.K.Chi)，弯孢霉[Gurvularia lunata(Walker)Boedijn]、塞河弯孢霉[Curvularia senegalensis(Speg.)Subram]、围小丛壳[Glomerella cingulata(Stonem)Spauld,etSchrenk]，棒孢拟盘多毛孢[Pestalotiopsis clavispora(Atk)Stey]、龙血树拟茎点霉（phomopsis dracaenae Sahni)，龙血树生拟茎点霉（Phomop-sis dracaenicola Z.D.Jiang,P.G.XietP.K.Chi)，龙血树球壳孢（Sphaeropsis dracaenaeP.G.XietP.K.Chi)，对生产影较大的是由可可球二孢引起的茎枯病和由围小丛壳引起的叶部炭疽病。     

苎麻苗期封行期植株营养诊断及调节施肥研究

以“养分指数”为依据对新栽麻和成龄麻苗期、封行期进行植株养分平衡营养诊断,结果表明,各时期养分元素障碍因子对产量与品质的限制程度依次为(1)苗期新栽麻B>Fe>Cu>S,成龄麻N>B>P>Fe>Cu>S;(2)封行期基础肥力较好的土壤上新栽麻Mg,B>Zn>K>Ca,成龄麻Mg,B>Zn>N,P>K>Ca;基础肥力较差的土壤上新栽麻与成龄麻Mg,B>Zn>N,P>K>Ca>     

发展农产品快速检测技术确保饮食安全

发展农产品快速检测技术是一项利国利民的大事 ,不仅是保护消费者利益的重大举措 ,也是推进农业结构调整 ,提高农产品市场竞争力 ,增加农民收入的有效措施。建立与国际接轨的农产品及其加工品质量标准体系和检测监督机制、措施 ,进行农产品品质检测重要性的宣传 ,同时认真贯彻执行《中华人民共和国产品质量法》。引进、吸收和消化国外先进的农产品检测技术和设备 ,利用我国农产品生产和加工的人才优势 ,通过政府资助开展农产品检测研究。加速制定有利于无公害食品发展的扶持政策 ,包括对无公害食品的生产、加工、流通等方面的政策扶持 ,确保广大人民吃上放心食品     

Some Nutritional Characteristics of Enzymatically Resistant Maltodextrin from Cassava (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Manihot esculenta</Emphasis> Crantz) Starch

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) native starch was treated with pyroconversion and enzymatic hydrolysis to produce a pyrodextrin and an enzyme-resistant maltodextrin. Some nutritional characteristics were quantified for both compounds. Pyroconversion was done using a 160:1 (p/v) starch:HCl ratio, 90 °C temperature and 3 h reaction time. The resulting pyrodextrin contained 46.21% indigestible starch and 78.86% dietary fiber. Thermostable α-amylase (0.01%) was used to hydrolyze the pyrodextrin at 95 °C for 5 min. The resulting resistant maltodextrin contained 24.45% dextrose equivalents, 56.06% indigestible starch and 86.62% dietary fiber. Compared to the cassava native starch, the pyrodextrin exhibited 56% solubility at room temperature and the resistant maltodextrin 100%. The glycemic index value for the resistant maltodextrin was 59% in healthy persons. Its high indigestible starch and dietary fiber contents, as well as its complete solubility, make the resistant maltodextrin a promising ingredient for raising dietary fiber content in a wide range of foods, especially in drinks, dairy products, creams and soups.     

Occupancy pattern of a long-horned beetle in a variegated forest landscape: linkages between tree quality and forest cover across spatial scales

Context

Interactions between landscape-scale processes and fine-grained habitat heterogeneity are usually invoked to explain species occupancy in fragmented landscapes. In variegated landscapes, however, organisms face continuous variation in micro-habitat features, which makes necessary to consider ecologically meaningful estimates of habitat quality at different spatial scales.

Objectives

We evaluated the spatial scales at which forest cover and tree quality make the greatest contribution to the occupancy of the long-horned beetle Microplophorus magellanicus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in a variegated forest landscape.

Methods

We used averaged data of tree quality (as derived from remote sensing estimates of the decay stage of single trees) and spatially independent pheromone-baited traps to model the occurrence probability as a function of multiple cross-scale combinations between forest cover and tree quality (with scales ranging between 50 and 400 m).

Results

Model support and performance increased monotonically with the increasing scale at which tree quality was measured. Forest cover was not significant, and did not exhibit scale-specific effects on the occurrence probability of M. magellanicus. The interactive effect between tree quality and forest cover was stronger than the independent (additive) effects of tree quality and particularly forest cover. Significant interactions included tree quality measured at spatial scales ≥200 m, but cross-scale interactions occurred only in four of the seven best-supported models.

Conclusions

M. magellanicus respond to the high-quality trees available in the landscape rather than to the amount of forest per se. Conservation of viable metapopulations of M. magellanicus should consider the quality of trees at spatial scales >200 m.