A high-resolution radiation hybrid map of the human genome draft sequence

We have constructed a physical map of the human genome by using a panel of 90 whole-genome radiation hybrids (the TNG panel) in conjunction with 40,322 sequence-tagged sites (STSs) derived from random genomic sequences as well as expressed sequences. Of 36,678 STSs on the TNG radiation hybrid map, only 3604 (9.8%) were absent from the unassembled draft sequence of the human genome. Of 20,030 STSs ordered on the TNG map as well as the assembled human genome draft sequence and the Celera assembled human genome sequence, 36% of the STSs had a discrepant order between the working draft sequence and the Celera sequence. The TNG map order was identical to one of the two sequence orders in 60% of these discrepant cases.     

小麦芒长抑制基因B2的精细定位与候选基因分析

芒是小麦重要的穗部器官和形态特征,是小麦长期进化和适应环境的结果,对产量和抗旱性等具有重要影响。目前,对麦芒的遗传与发育还缺乏系统的研究,相关基因克隆或精细定位的研究尚未见报道。本试验利用短芒材料‘六柱头’与长芒材料‘石矮1号’构建的F2群体(SL-F2)对芒的遗传与发育进行了研究。细胞学观察表明,短芒主要是由细胞长度变短引起;遗传分析表明,‘六柱头’的短芒由显性单基因控制;借助Wheat660K SNP芯片的BSA分析和SL-F2群体的精细定位,确定‘六柱头’的芒长抑制基因是前人报道的B2位点,并将其定位到6B染色体4.84Mb的物理区间(471.28～476.12 Mb)内,该区段在中国春与矮抗58间具有良好的共线性。在B2定位区间共有61个基因,其中5个在中国春穗部特异表达,TraesCS6B02G264400在中国春和Azhurnaya幼穗表达差异显著。这些研究结果为B2基因的克隆、小麦芒形成机理的解析及育种中的应用奠定了基础。     

南方高海拔地区栽培甜樱桃质地特性研究

以南方高海拔地区栽培的甜樱桃品种"美早"和"萨米脱"为试材,利用质构仪质地多面分析法(TPA)和整果穿刺法研究其贮藏过程中质地特性的变化。结果表明,贮藏过程中两个品种樱桃果肉的硬度与弹性、咀嚼性,咀嚼性与弹性均呈极显著正相关,且随贮藏时间的延长,果肉硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和果皮强度下降,果皮韧性增强,而果肉凝聚性和回复性则先上升后下降。贮藏42d后",美早"甜樱桃果肉的硬度、咀嚼性、凝聚性和回复性显著高于"萨米脱"甜樱桃,同时保持较低的果皮韧性,说明其更耐贮藏。     

水稻除草剂敏感基因导入恢复系的研究

以农林８号ｍ为主体亲本与优良恢复系杂交,成功地将除草剂（苯达松）敏感基因转育到恢复系中,携带该基因的恢复系不但对苯达松敏感（抽穗期用１８００￣２７００ｍｌ／ｈｍ＾２苯达松喷施可使整穗或整株死亡）,而且所配组合具有较强的杂种优势。     

我国南方大豆地方品种农艺和品质性状的遗传参数分析

由南方13省区的3769份夏大豆地方品种按省分层随机抽样而得的143份材料组成地方群体;由20份南方夏大豆推广品种及品系组成改良群体,在南京两年三重复试验表明,南方地方群体主要特点是晚熟(132.56天),秆较矮(58.05cm),中粒(14.34g/100粒),底荚高(18.47cm),分枝中等(3.86),产量低(1199.25kg/ha),蛋白质含量高(43.73％)、脂肪含量中等(20.19％)。该群体农艺和品质性状具有丰富的遗传变异,并由5％相对遗传进展特点将45个性状分为,GSI:极大(>40％);GSⅡ:大(40％—10％);GSⅢ:中等(10％—5％);GSⅣ:一定(<5％)等四类,其中GSⅠ、GSⅡ类多属产量、生育期、粒茎比、株高、百粒重等农艺性状,GSⅢ、GSⅣ类多属蛋白质含量及其氨基酸组分、脂肪含量等品质性状。     

中国部分稻种资源的化感控制杂草潜力评价

采用人工气候箱结合田间小区试验,从我国部分水稻种质资源中筛选获得了2份具有化感潜力的水稻品种（系）,其中我国台湾品种蚁公包幼苗对无芒稗根长影响因子RRL为0.43,其叶片水浸提液对无芒稗和莴苣根长抑制率分别达到45%和85%,在田间对无芒稗茎数和植株鲜质量的控制效果分别为22.0%和26.1%。云南品种地谷幼苗对无芒稗的植株高度影响因子RSH和植株干质量影响因子RPDW分别为0.62和0.58, 叶片水浸提液对无芒稗和莴苣根长抑制率分别达到53%和65%,在田间对无芒稗茎数和植株鲜质量的控制效果分别达到51.5%和46.1%。 蚁公包对莴苣的控制效果和地谷对无芒稗的控制效果均显著高于美国化感潜力品种PI312777。蚁公包和地谷是我国宝贵的化感潜力品种资源。     

‘云蔗05-51’与‘云蔗081609’苗期氮吸收利用效率的比较研究

甘蔗（Saccharum spp. hybrid）是我国食糖生产的重要原料,当前生产中普遍存在施氮量高而氮肥利用率低的问题。除了优化施肥管理,种植氮高效的甘蔗品种也是减氮增效的重要途径之一。本研究以云南蔗区推广的早熟高产高糖甘蔗品种‘云蔗05-51’和‘云蔗081609’为试验材料,设置0、0.1、0.5、1、5、10 mmol/L 6个供氮水平开展水培试验,在苗期测定植株生物量、根系形态、氮浓度与累积量、氮素吸收利用效率等指标。结果表明：（1）2个品种地上部、根系及整株生物量均随供氮水平的升高呈先升后降趋势,‘云蔗081609’根系生物量先于其地上部达到峰值,‘云蔗05-51’则相反,‘云蔗05-51’和‘云蔗081609’达到最佳生长需要的供氮量分别为0.5、1 mmol/L,相同供氮水平下‘云蔗081609’生物量高于‘云蔗05-51’;（2）随供氮水平上升,2个品种的根系总长度和平均根直径先上升后趋于稳定,根表面积持续增加,比根长先升后降,相同供氮水平下‘云蔗081609’的根系总长度、平均根直径和根表面积高于‘云蔗05-51’,比根长则低于‘云蔗05-51’;（3）2个品种植株氮浓度及累积量随供氮水平的升高总体呈先上升后稳定的趋势,相同供氮水平下‘云蔗081609’的植株氮累积量高于‘云蔗05-51’;（4）随供氮水平的增加,2个品种的单位根长吸氮量呈先升后稳定的趋势,单位根表面积吸氮量则呈先升后降并趋于平稳,氮素生理利用效率均随供氮水平升高显著降低,在0.1~10 mmol/L范围内‘云蔗081609’单位根长的吸氮量高于‘云蔗05-51’,但单位根表面积吸氮量变化趋势基本一致,品种间氮素生理利用效率无差异。综上表明,‘云蔗081609’在苗期对氮的吸收量高于‘云蔗05-51’主要得益于更好的根系生长,苗期适宜需氮量低于‘云蔗05-51’。     

Effect of crude oil extracts from trout offal as a replacement for fish oil in the diets of the Australian native fish Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii

The efficacy of trout oil (TO), extracted from trout offal from the aquaculture industry, was evaluated in juvenile Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (25.4±0.81 g) diets in an experiment conducted over 60 days at 23.7±0.8 °C. Five isonitrogenous (48% protein), isolipidic (16%) and isoenergetic (21.8 kJ g^?1) diets, in which the fish oil fraction was replaced in increments of 25% (0–100%), were used. The best growth and feed efficiency was observed in fish fed diets containing 50–75% TO. The relationship of specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) to the amount of TO in the diets was described in each case by second‐order polynomial equations (P<0.05), which were: SGR=–0.44TO²+0.52TO+1.23 (r²=0.90, P<0.05); FCR=0.53TO²–0.64TO+1.21 (r²=0.95, P<0.05); and PER=–0.73TO²+0.90TO+1.54 (r²=0.90, P<0.05). Significant differences in carcass and muscle proximate compositions were noted among the different dietary treatments. Less lipid was found in muscle than in carcass. The fatty acids found in highest amounts in Murray cod, irrespective of the dietary treatment, were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1n‐9), linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3). The fatty acid composition of the muscle reflected that of the diets. Both the n‐6 fatty acid content and the n‐3 to n‐6 ratio were significantly (P<0.05) related to growth parameters, the relationships being as follows. Percentage of n‐6 in diet (X) to SGR and FCR: SGR=–0.12X²+3.96X–32.51 (r²=0.96) and FCR=0.13X²–4.47X+39.39 (r²=0.98); and n‐3:n‐6 ratio (Z) to SGR, FCR, PER: SGR=–2.02Z²+5.01Z–1.74 (r²=0.88), FCR=2.31Z²–5.70Z+4.54 (r²=0.93) and PER=–3.12Z²–7.56Z+2.80 (r²=0.88) respectively. It is evident from this study that TO could be used effectively in Murray cod diets, and that an n‐3:n‐6 ratio of 1.2 results in the best growth performance in Murray cod.     

Sex reversal and growth performance in juvenile females of the freshwater crayfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cherax quadricarinatus</Emphasis> (Parastacidae): effect of increasing temperature and androgenic gland extract in the diet

Monosex male culture of C. quadricarinatus is proposed for increasing yields because males reach a larger size at harvest than females. An experiment was done to evaluate the effects of androgenic gland extract and temperature on sex reversal and somatic growth in early juvenile females. Females were exposed to the following experimental conditions: C: control food and temperature maintained at 26 ± 1°C; HT (high temperature): control food and temperature maintained at 28.5 ± 1°C; VHT (very high temperature): control food and temperature maintained at 31 ± 1°C; AG: food with enriched with androgenic gland (1/10 dose for each juvenile per day) and temperature maintained at (26 ± 1)°C. The juveniles were weighed, sexed, and growth increment (GI) and growth rate (GR) were calculated twice a month. The HT and AG groups differed from the C group in GI and GR indicating a greater somatic growth. At the end of the experiment, the HT and AG groups had similar weight but only the HT group had enhanced oocyte diameter, with some vitellogenic oocytes compared to the C group. In the HT group, there was significant sex reversal, as indicated by development of male and intersex male characteristics in different individuals. Both temperature and AG diet have a high potential for culture of this species because of their enhancement of somatic growth; higher temperature increases the proportion of males, a desirable characteristic of cultured populations.     

Effect of dietary components on the gut microbiota of aquatic animals. A never‐ending story?

It is well known that healthy gut microbiota is essential to promote host health and well‐being. The intestinal microbiota of endothermic animals as well as fish are classified as autochthonous or indigenous, when they are able to colonize the host's epithelial surface or are associated with the microvilli, or as allochthonous or transient (associated with digesta or are present in the lumen). Furthermore, the gut microbiota of aquatic animals is more fluidic than that of terrestrial vertebrates and is highly sensitive to dietary changes. In fish, it is demonstrated that [a] dietary form (live feeds or pelleted diets), [b] dietary lipid (lipid levels, lipid sources and polyunsaturated fatty acids), [c] protein sources (soybean meal, krill meal and other meal products), [d] functional glycomic ingredients (chitin and cellulose), [e] nutraceuticals (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and immunostimulants), [f] antibiotics, [g] dietary iron and [h] chromic oxide affect the gut microbiota. Furthermore, some information is available on bacterial colonization of the gut enterocyte surface as a result of dietary manipulation which indicates that changes in indigenous microbial populations may have repercussion on secondary host–microbe interactions. The effect of dietary components on the gut microbiota is important to investigate, as the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as one of the major routes of infection in fish. Possible interactions between dietary components and the protective microbiota colonizing the digestive tract are discussed.