‘桂热杧82号’花期短截花枝试验

为延迟‘桂热杧82号’采收期,提高杧果种植效益,对‘桂热杧82号’在不同花期进行短截花枝处理试验。结果表明,在原生花序初花期、盛花期短截花枝并配套相应的栽培技术,‘桂热杧82号’均易抽出再生花序,再生花序盛花期较对照分别推迟约30~35d、40~50d,采收期较对照分别推迟约30d、40d,且产量较对照显著增加,分别是对照的1.63倍、2.25倍;有胚果数量较对照明显增多,分别是对照的1.39倍、2.25倍;采收期果实品质与对照无明显差异。原生花序初花期、盛花期短截花枝是推迟‘桂热杧82号’上市的有效措施。     

基于PCA的新疆生产建设兵团城镇化评价指标体系的构建

结合新疆生产建设兵团城镇化建设自身特点,将生态环境指标和社会稳定指标作为重要的考核因素,形成一种全方位的城镇化综合评价因子。以《新疆生产建设兵团统计年鉴2014》中兵团14个师的数据为例,运用PCA方法,将影响评价兵团城镇化发展水平的20个主要因子,分为社会发展、经济建设、基础建设、社会稳定和生态环境5个方面,构建了兵团城镇化发展的新型评价指标体系。     

高寒草甸草地水、土、草中氮硫含量冷暖季节的变化

根据青海高原特殊的气候分布特征，把高寒草甸草地绵羊放牧地划分为冷季和暖季。通过测定冷暖绵羊放牧地水、土壤、牧草中氮和硫含量的结果表明：水、土壤、牧草中氮和硫的含量暖季＞冷季（P＜0．05），其中地表水冷季含硫量分别为3．7mg/kg、5.1mg/kg，水中没有检测到氮；牧草中硫含量冷暖季分别为2952mg/kg,3262mg/kg，差异显著（P＜0．05）；牧草中氮含量冷暖季分别为0．62％、1．36％，差异显著（P＜0．05）；土壤氮含量冷暖季分别为0．22％、0．285％，差异显著（P＜0．05）；硫含量冷暖季分别为0．24％、0．37％。     

Invasive Teat Surgery in Dairy Cattle: II - Long-term Follow-up and complications

A prospective study was performed on 52 teats that were operated upon at the Ontario Veterinary College over a three year period for various problems. Long-term postsurgical follow-ups were obtained to assess milking ability. Sixty-three percent of all the cows that had surgery were classified by the Canadian Holstein Association as "good" or better. The implantation of a prosthesis was required in 32 teats and was found to be associated with: a higher prevalence of chronic mastitis, a lower long-term milking success rate, and an increased prevalence of abnormal milking times. Of the five types of teat lesions encountered, Type I (<30% of teat cistern involved) and Type V (lacerations, webbed teats, fistulae) had the best short and long-term prognosis for lactation. Overall, 60% of the operated teats were milking one month after surgery, and 41% at the end of the lactation.     

Invasive teat surgery in dairy cattle: part I - surgical procedures and classification of lesions

A prospective study was performed to identify the nature and management of teat abnormalities in cows presented to a referral teaching hospital during a three year period. All cattle (n = 60) admitted to the Ontario Veterinary College for teat problems were evaluated by physical examination; in 53 teats, contrast radiography or xeroradiography were obtained. Surgery was performed on 52 teats from 51 cows and a prosthesis was implanted in 27 teats. Short term (under two weeks) complications included intraoperative bleeding (n = 6), milk leakage through the incision (n = 4), and failure to milk by machine in 26 cases. Histopathological diagnosis of sections taken from obstructive lesions included fibrous tissue (n = 8), normal mammary tissue (n = 3), fibropapilloma, mammary polyps, and inflamed mucosa (one each). The lesion could be classified into five types: 1) focal teat cistern obstruction, 2) diffuse teat cistern obstruction, 3) membranous obstruction, 4) diffuse teat and gland cistern obstruction, or 5) leakage of milk through an abnormal route (i.e. teat fistula, webbed teat, or lacerations).     

Arthroscopic reattachment of osteochondritis dissecans lesions using resorbable polydioxanone pins

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Debridement of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) cartilage lesions results in fibrocartilage and imperfect hyaline repair tissue, and forms a permanent irregularity to the subchondral bone plate. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical, radiographic and outcome effects of OCD cartilage flap reattachment for select lesions as an alternative to OCD debridement. HYPOTHESIS: Separated cartilage flaps resulting from OCD lesions may be re-incorporated into the hyaline cartilage surface by reattachment rather than debridement and removal. METHODS: Resorbable polydioxanone pins were used to reattach OCD flap lesions in 16 joints of 12 horses. Criteria for attachment, rather than removal, included an unmineralised cartilage flap on preoperative radiographs and a relatively smooth surface with some residual perimeter attachment at surgery. RESULTS: There were 12 subjects, 6 males and 6 females, 7 Thoroughbred or Standardbred weanlings, 3 Warmbloods, 1 Arabian and 1 Quarter Horse, mean age at surgery 6.8 months. All horses had effusion of the affected femoropatellar joint (n = 9), tarsocrural joint (n = 1) or fetlock (n = 2). Radiographic lesions varied in length between 1.8-6.3 cm; reattachment was used in 16 of 18 affected joints and the OCD cartilage was not satisfactory for salvage in 2 stifles. Number of pins required was 2-10. One horse was subjected to euthanasia due to a tendon laceration 8 weeks after surgery; of the remaining 11 horses, mean duration of follow-up was 3.9 years (range 4 months-8 years). Nine of these were sound and had entered work, while 2 were sound but remained unbroken 4 and 6 months post operatively, respectively. Radiographic resolution of the OCD lesion occurred in 14 of 16 pinned joints in the 9 horses with long-term follow-up. The 2 remaining joints had a 3 and a 5 mm mineralised flap in the original defect sites. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated cartilage flap reattachment was an alternative to removal in selected OCD lesions. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Relatively smooth OCD cartilage flaps may be salvaged by reattachment and can result in normal radiographic subchondral contour and a high likelihood of athletic performance. Further case numbers are required to determine which lesions are too irregular or contain too much mineral for effective incorporation after reattachment.     

Can an external device prevent dorsal displacement of the soft palate during strenuous exercise?

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is a common condition in racehorses for which various surgical treatments are often performed. In light of recent findings that suggested the position of the larynx may influence the occurrence of DDSP, we investigated whether a noninvasive mean of affecting the position of the larynx could be effective in the management of DDSP. HYPOTHESIS: An external device (laryngohyoid support; LHS) positioning the larynx in a more rostral and dorsal location and preventing caudal displacement of the basihyoid bone would be effective in preventing DDSP during strenuous exercise. METHODS: Ten horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill under 4 different treatment conditions: control (n = 10); control with external device (n = 10); after bilateral resection of thyrohyoid (TH) muscles (n = 7); and after bilateral resection of TH muscles with external device (n = 7). Two trials were performed randomly for each of the 4 conditions. In Trial 1, videoendoscopic images of the upper airway, pharyngeal and tracheal static pressures, and arterial blood gases were collected. In Trial 2, airflow measurement combined with mask and tracheal static pressure was obtained, and upper airway impedance calculated. The trials allowed calculation of airway impedance and respiratory frequency, and assessment of ventilation using arterial PO2 and PCO2. RESULTS: Under control conditions, none of the 10 horses developed DDSP. There was no statistically significant effect from the LHS on airway impedance or respiratory frequency, nor on arterial PO2 and PCO2. Seven of the 10 horses developed DDSP during exercise after resection of the TH muscles. None of these 7 horses continued to experience DDSP during exercise with the external device. In the latter group and condition, the LHS significantly improved inspiratory and expiratory flow and impedance. CONCLUSIONS: The LHS helped prevent experimentally induced DDSP at exercise, probably by statically positioning the larynx in a more rostral and dorsal position. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Field studies are required to investigate whether the LHS can successfully prevent DDSP in horses with naturally occurring disease.     

Activity of selected rostral and caudal hyoid muscles in clinically normal horses during strenuous exercise

OBJECTIVE: To determine the phase and quantitate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the genioglossus, geniohyoideus, hyoepiglotticus, omohyoideus, sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and thyrohyoideus muscles of clinically normal horses during strenuous exercise. ANIMALS: 7 clinically normal adult horses (2 Thoroughbreds and 5 Standardbreds). PROCEDURES: Bipolar electrodes were surgically implanted in the aforementioned muscles, and horses were subjected to an incremental exercise test on a high-speed treadmill. The EMG, heart rate, respiratory rate, and static pharyngeal airway pressures were measured during exercise. The EMG was measured as mean electrical activity (MEA). The MEA values for maximal exercise intensity (13 or 14 m/s) were expressed as a percentage of the MEA measured at an exercise intensity of 6 m/s. RESULTS: MEA was detected during expiration in the genioglossus, geniohyoideus, sternohyoideus, and thyrohyoideus muscles and during inspiration in the hyoepiglotticus and sternothyroideus muscles. Intensity of the MEA increased significantly with exercise intensity in the genioglossus, geniohyoideus, and hyoepiglotticus muscles. Intensity of the MEA increased significantly in relation to expiratory pharyngeal pressure in the geniohyoideus and hyoepiglotticus muscles. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Once exercise intensity reached 6 m/s, no quantifiable additional increase in muscular activity was detected in the omohyoideus, sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and thyrohyoideus muscles. However, muscles that may affect the diameter of the oropharynx (genioglossus and geniohyoideus muscles) or rima glottis (hyoepiglotticus muscle) had activity correlated with the intensity of exercise or expiratory pharyngeal pressures. Activity of the muscles affecting the geometry of the oropharynx may be important in the pathophysiologic processes associated with nasopharyngeal patency.