中华蜜蜂MRJP7基因的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

用PCR方法从含中华蜜蜂Accmrjp7基因的质粒DNA模板中扩增出MRJP7成熟肽编码区片段,将该片段克隆入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2,在大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）BL21（DE3）中进行融合表达,SDS—PAGE和薄层扫描显示,该基因得到高效表达,表达产物大小约为66kDa,占细胞总蛋白的22．8％。利用割胶回收的方法,获得目的蛋白,注射兔子制备多克隆抗体,并利用所获抗体进行Western blot印迹分析,检测MRJPs,获得特异性条带。     

A transducer for measuring force on surgical sutures

The objective of this study was to validate, both in vitro and in an ex vivo model, a technique for the measurement of forces exerted on surgical sutures. For this purpose, a stainless steel E-type buckle force transducer was designed and constructed. A strain gauge was mounted on the central beam of the transducer to measure transducer deformation. The transducer was tested and calibrated on a single strand of surgical suture during cyclic loading. Further validation was performed using a previously published cadaveric model of laryngoplasty in the horse. Linear regression of transducer output with actual force during calibration tests resulted in mean R2 values of 1.00, 0.99, and 0.99 for rising slope, falling slope, and overall slope, respectively. The R2 was not less than 0.96 across an average of 75 cycles per test. The difference between rising slope and falling slope was 4%. Over 45 846 samples, the predicted force from transducer output showed a mean error of 4%. In vitro validation produced an adjusted R2 of 0.99 when the force on the suture was regressed against translaryngeal pressure in a mixed-effects model. E-type buckle force transducers showed a highly linear output over a physiological force range when applied to surgical suture in vitro and in an ex vivo model of laryngoplasty. With appropriate calibration and short-term in vivo implantation, these transducers may advance our knowledge of the mechanisms of success and failure of techniques, such as laryngoplasty, that use structural suture implants.     

三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作对土壤水分特征的影响

减缓、减轻干旱的发生与危害是三块库区坡耕地持续利用的关键.在坡度15°标准径流小区,以聚土垄作和农林复合为基本方法,营建坡耕地粮经果复合垄作模式,并对模式的土壤水分状况进行了长期定位观测.2002～2005连续4年试验结果表明,粮经果复合垄作能有效改善坡耕地土壤结构,利于土壤保持适宜的透水性和持水性,土壤有效库容扩大了145.2 m3/hm2;同时,增加了土壤贮水,提高了贮水利用率,尤其是底层贮水利用率,比较平作对照,贮水库客和贮水利用率分别增大了5.73%、5.32%;此外,垄沟拦蓄了地表径流,减少径流损失达74.18%～95.81%,有利于降水入渗补给及旱季底墒的保护.     

实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

 以籼型三系杂交稻汕优 63为材料 ,对不同氮肥管理的农艺和经济表现进行了评价。结果表明 ,未施氮肥 (空白区 )的产量为 6.8～ 7.4t·ha- 1,表明试验田背景氮颇高。与农民习惯施肥法 (氮肥 2 40kg·ha- 1)相比 ,改良的农民施肥法 (农民习惯施氮量的 70 % )、实时氮肥管理 (依据叶绿素仪测定值进行的施肥方法 )和实地氮肥管理(施氮时期、施氮量和叶绿素仪测定值相结合的施肥方法 )分别增产 9.2 %～ 10 .3 %、3 .3 %～ 7.0 %和 8.9%～ 9.3 % ,氮肥农学利用率分别提高了 110 .5%～ 13 5.6%、2 0 4.3 %～ 2 97.0 %和 2 0 0 .9%～ 2 76.4%。以上结果表明 ,在产量不降低甚至有所增加的前提下 ,实时、实地氮肥管理可以减少氮肥施用量 ,较大幅度地提高水稻氮肥利用率。另外 ,实时、实地氮肥管理还可以降低稻米的垩白率和垩白度 ,改善稻米的外观品质     

沿海防护林主要病虫害发生原因及防治对策

本文对日照沿海防护林17种主要病虫害发生原因进行了全面分析，提出了相应的防治对策。     

The use of hand-held terminals and micro-computers for the recording and analysis of potato cyst nematode counts

Summary An automated system of data capture and summarisation is described. Although it is of widespread applicability, it is illustrated by a specific example involving the screening of potato tubers for resistance to potato cyst nematode.     

Biomechanical characterisation of equine laryngeal cartilage

Reasons for performing the study: Upper airway obstruction is a common problem in the performance horse as the soft tissues of the larynx collapse into the airway, yet there is a paucity of information on biomechanical properties for the structural cartilage components. Objective: To measure the geometry and compressive mechanical properties of the hyaline cartilage to improve understanding of laryngeal function and morphology. Methods: A total of 11 larynges were harvested from Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. During gross dissection, linear dimensions of the cricoid were obtained. From both the cricoid and arytenoid, specimens were cored to obtain 6 mm disc samples from 3 sites within the dorsal cricoid (caudal, middle and rostral) and 2 central sites in the arytenoids (inner, outer). The specimens were mechanically tested using radial confined compression to calculate the aggregate modulus and permeability of the tissue. The biomechanical data were analysed using a nested mixed effects model. Results: Geometrically, the cricoid has relatively straight walls compared to the morphology of human, ovine and canine larynges. There were significant observations of higher modulus with increasing age (0.13 MPa per year; P = 0.007) and stiffer cricoid cartilage (2.29 MPa) than the arytenoid cartilage (0.42 MPa; P<0.001), but no difference was observed between the left and right sides. Linear contrasts showed that the rostral aspect (2.51 MPa) of the cricoid was 20% stiffer than the caudal aspect (2.09 MPa; P = 0.025), with no difference between the arytenoid sites. Conclusions: The equine larynx is a well supported structure due to both the geometry and material properties of the cricoid cartilage. The hyaline structure is an order of magnitude higher in compressive modulus compared to the arytenoids and other hyaline‐composed tissues. Potential relevance: These characterisations are important to understand the biomechanics of laryngeal function and the mechanisms involved with surgical interventions.     

Bilateral parotid duct transposition for keratoconjunctivitis sicca in a Connemara stallion

A 7‐year‐old Connemara stallion was presented with a 4 month history of blepharospasm, recurrent corneal ulcerations, mucopurulent ocular discharge, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in both eyes unresponsive to medical therapy. Ophthalmic examination revealed lackluster corneas, axial corneal scarring and pigmentation with associated neovascularization, and absolute KCS in both eyes. Computed tomography scan and endoscopic evaluation of the upper airway and guttural pouches revealed no structural abnormalities to indicate neurogenic KCS. The stallion was diagnosed with immune‐mediated dacryoadenitis as all other causes of KCS were excluded. Parotid duct transposition (PDT) was performed in the right eye followed by PDT in the left eye 4 weeks later. The right PDT was functional 2 years post‐operatively with significant improvement in ocular comfort and reduced corneal fibrosis and neovascularization. The left PDT developed a salivary‐cutaneous fistula over the left masseter muscle post‐operatively due to avascular necrosis of the distal parotid duct (PD). Surgical reconstruction of the PDT using an expanded‐polytetrafluoroethylene (e‐PTFE) tube graft, an e‐PTFE tube graft to autogenous caudal auricular vein graft, and an autogenous saphenous vein graft were all unsuccessful. Tear production in the left eye improved at 1 year post‐surgery as a result of long term lacrostimulant therapy, and a permanent PD‐cutaneous fistula was performed on the left PD at the level of the ventral mandible. Bilateral PDT in the horse is effective in resolving clinical signs associated with KCS; however, morbidity associated with avascular necrosis of the transposed PD may be significant and can result in surgical failure.     

Implications of intensification of pastoral animal production on animal welfare

The intensification of pastoral animal production results from several major developments including increased forage production and utilisation, diet supplementation, breeding animals to increase milk, meat or wool production, and changes in management. The impact of increased intensification on welfare will differ across species and systems. More intensive-grazing systems and the feeding of novel forages will underpin all moves to intensification. More intensive grazing generally reduces opportunities for shade and shelter. Improved nutrition will generally benefit welfare but competition for available feed may cause increased social pressure. Increased flock and herd size will be associated with a reduction in the human:animal ratio and less time to observe individual animals. Remote monitoring of activity and health might counter this impact.

Intensification of dairy production will result in larger herds, more year-round milking, robotic milking, use of housing and yards year round, and total mixed-ration feeding. Larger herds mean longer distances to walk to and from the dairy shed, and more lameness and less time to spend on self-maintenance activities such as grooming. Holding and feeding dairy cows on yards will cause an increase in lameness and mastitis and perhaps an increase in agonistic behaviour but will reduce time spent walking. Intensification of sheep production will involve increased flock size, increased fecundity, breeding from hoggets, and breeding ewes all year round. Housing during lambing might be considered appropriate, as would feeding to lift milk yields. Increased fecundity with an increase in triplets will increase lamb mortality rates, but housing ewes, when managed well, will result in reduced lamb mortality. Intensification of lamb finishing will be by improved nutrition. Intensification of beef production will include more breeding of heifers at 15 months, and more problems with dystocia.

Intensification of pastoral production will have positive and negative effects on animal welfare. The balance will be determined by the quality of management and stockmanship, and the pressure on businesses to be profitable.