Scanning electron microscope study of the feather follicle wall attachment in chickens

1. A scanning electron microscope study showed indentations by the follicle wall cells into the feather shaft. In other areas altered cells or keratinised cell fragments form bridges which join the feather to the follicle.

2. In the early stage of growth the feather shaft is held in place by cell indentations, whereas later, bridges are seen which probably hold the feather more firmly.     

Effect of age and sex on the eviscerated yield,muscle and edible offal of a commercial broiler strain

1. Comparisons of the effects of age (up to 364 d) and sex on the rate of growth, eviscerated yield, blood loss and yield of skin, breast, thigh and drumstick muscles, heart, liver and gizzard have been made on a commercial British broiler strain.

2. Male broilers grew linearly up to 76 d whereas the females grew more slowly after 35 d. At 364 d the difference in live body weight was small.

3. Up to 56 d, males had a slightly higher eviscerated yield. There was no significant difference between the sexes beyond this age.

4. The proportional yield of breast muscle was variable with age, whereas that of thigh and drumstick increased with age in the male, particularly at 175 and 364 d.

5. After 35 d the proportion of skin was larger in females, whereas the gizzard as a proportion of live body weight in both sexes decreased rapidly between 21 and 76 d. Blood loss during killing was always higher in male broilers after 21 d.     

Book reviews

Research and Development in Relation to Farm Animal Welfare, contributions by B. A. Baldwin, J. R. Bareham, I. J. H. Duncan, R. Ewbank, D. C. Hardwick and K. Vestergaard, Animal Management, 11, Series Edited by D. W. Fölsch. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1981. ISBN‐3–7643–1241–6.

First European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. Edited by L. Yding S0RENSEN. Published by the Danish Branch of World's Poultry Science Association. 1981. 238pp. D.Kr.90. ISBN 87–88162–00–1.     

The relationship between plasma triglyceride concentrations and body fat content in male and female broilers—a basis for selection?

1. The relationship between plasma triglyceride concentrations and body fat content was examined in three groups of male and one of female broiler chickens fed ad libitum on a normal growing diet.

2. Phenotypic correlations between total plasma triglyceride concentration and fat content were + 0.50, + 0.37 and + 0.39 for the three groups of male broilers and +0.33 for the group of females. Triglyceride content of plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) plus low density lipoprotein (LDL) showed similar correlations with fat content.

3. Selection of birds from a flock of 550 male broilers on the basis of high or low plasma VLDL plus LDL triglyceride concentrations produced groups with significant differences in body fat content but little difference in body weight.

4. The results suggest that measurements of plasma triglyceride concentration could be used as an indirect means of selecting for decreased body fat content in broiler breeding programmes.     

Effect of gradual acclimation to high ambient temperatures on egg‐shell quality of the Sinai Bedouin fowl,the commercial white leghorn and their crossbreds

1. The effect of gradual acclimation to high ambient temperatures on egg‐shell quality was studied in the Sinai fowl, the commercial White Leghorn, and their reciprocal crossbreds.

2. The Leghorn egg was characterised by a thinner and weaker shell compared with the Sinai and the crossbreds, at all the experimental temperatures.

3. In contrast to other reports, high ambient temperatures for a long period had only mild effects on egg‐shell quality.

4. The results suggest that gradual acclimation to high ambient temperatures might improve the efficiency of the physiological mechanisms involved in the hen's response to heat. Consequently, the reproductive process adapts to the hot environmental conditions.

5. The results indicate that the Sinai breed might be used for future selection of a breed, highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions and with an improved shell quality.     

Relationship between energy and protein intakes and laying characteristics in individually‐caged broiler breeder hens

1. Individually‐caged broiler hens, which had been reared on an advised rationing programme, were fed allowances of 1.88, 1.61, 1.32 or 1.13 MJ apparent metabolisable energy/bird d at four different protein intakes (27, 23, 19.5 or 16.5 g crude protein per bird d) from 21 to 60 weeks of age.

2. Age at first egg, body‐weight gain and egg production were affected by energy allowance. Birds on the lower energy allowances came into lay later than birds on the higher energy allowances and at a lower body weight.

3. Body‐weight gain decreased with decreasing energy allowance. The decrease in egg output in response to decreasing energy allowance resulted from more birds ceasing to lay and fewer birds laying on more than 3 d per week. Similar changes in the distribution of rates of lay were observed on each treatment as the flock aged.

4. The relationship between body‐weight gain and egg number on each treatment was negative from 21 to 36 weeks, but became less consistent with age.

5. Protein intake had little effect on body weight. At the lowest energy allowance, egg number and egg weight decreased with increasing protein allowance. This effect was not observed on the higher energy allowances.     

Effect of injecting amino acids into the egg on embryonic and subsequent growth in the domestic fowl

1. The growing embryo uses about 1% of the total protein available in the egg during the first week of incubation.

2. Injecting the growing embryo with amino acids equivalent to the amount of protein used resulted in higher weight of chicks at all stages up to 56 d.     

Relationship between ticks and zebu cattle in southern Uganda

Summary Tick populations were observed on zebu(Bos indicus) cattle over a period of 2 years at Entebbe, Uganda where the climate was thought to be highly favourable for the free-living stages of ticks. Collections of all instars of ticks were made from the body surfaces of the cattle at intervals of between 1 and 5 weeks. The species recorded in order of decreasing abundance wereRhipicephalus appendiculatus, Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus simus, Rhipicephalus compositus andHyalomma marginatum rufipes. The rankings of the cattle based on burdens of any particular species of tick were always correlated with their rankings for other species; animals that carried more adult stages of a species also carried more of its immature stages. There were more adult males than females ofR. appendiculatus, A. variegatum andR. e. evertsi even when the cattle had had all ticks removed 1 week previously; several possible mechanisms are suggested to explain the biased sex ratio. It is concluded that there is promise for improvement in control of 3-host ticks by increasing the resistance of herds of zebu cattle by culling or selective breeding.

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Relacion Entre Garrapatas Y Ganado Cebu En El Sur De Uganda

Resumen Se observaron las poblaciones de garrapatas en ganado cebú (Bos indicus) en Entebe, Uganda, donde el clima parecía favorecer a los estados libres de las garrapatas. Las observaciones duraron dos años. Las colecciones de los estadios larvales se realizaron con intervalos de 1 a 5 semanas. Las especies identificadas en orden numérico decreciente fueronRhipicephalus appendiculatus, Amblyommavariegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus simus, Rhipicephalus compositu andHyalomma marginatum rufipes. Los rangos del ganado basados en la carga de garrapatas de una especie en particular, tuvieron correlación en rangos para otras especies en los animales que tuvieron una carga mayor de etapas maduras de una especie se observaron tambie más ejemplos de las etapas no maduras. Hubo más machos adultos que (hembras deR. appendiculatus, A. variegatum yR. e. evertsi aun cuando todas las garrapatas del ganado habían sido removidas 1 semana previamente; se sugieren varios mecanismos para explicar este fenómeno. Se concluye que existe una posibilidad para controlar garrapatas de 3 huéspedes, incrementando la resistencia de ganado cebú mediante selección y cruzamiento de animales resistentes.

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Relation Entre Les Tiques Et Les Zebus Dans Le Sud-Est De L'Ouganda

Résumé Des populations de tiques ont été observées sur des zébus (Bos indicus) pendant 2 ans à Entebbe, en Ouganda où le climat est connu pour être très favorable aux stades libres des tiques. Des collections de tous les stades de tiques présentes sur le corps des animaux ont été faites à des intervalles allant de 1 à 5 semaines. Les espèces suivantes ont été recueillies dans l'ordre d'abondance décroissante:Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Amblyomma variegatum, Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus simus, Rhipicephalus compositus etHyalomma marginatum rufipes. Le classement du bétail basé sur la charge en une espèce de tique a toujours été en corrélation avec la charge dans les autres espèces de tiques. Les animaux porteurs du plus grand nombre d'adultes d'une espèce étaient également porteurs du plus grand nombre de stades préimaginaux. Il y avait beaucoup plus de mâles que de femelles deR. appendiculatus, A. variegatum etR. e. evertsi même lorsqu'on avait prélevé toutes les tiques sur le bétail une semaine auparavant. Plusieurs mécanismes possibles sont suggérés pour expliquer le déséquilibre dans le pourcentage des sexes. La conclusion porte sur les promesses d'amélioration de la lutte contre les tiques trixènes par l'accroissement de la résistance des troupeaux de zébus par élevage sélectif.

     

Chemical control of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on dwarf snap beans

Two sprays of vinclozolin (0.5 kg a.i. ha^–1) or procymidone (0.5 kg a.i. ha^–1), the first at the beginning of flowering and the second two weeks later, gave the best control ofBotrytis cinerea on dwarf snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Good results were also obtained with iprodione and with thiophanate-methyl. Vinclozolin and procymidone at the same program were the most active fungicides againstSclerotinia sclerotiorum. Treatments with the latter two fungicides resulted in increased yields of pods and had no influence on colour and quality of the pods. Residue levels were below the tolerances.Samenvatting Twee bespuitingen met vinchlozolin (0,5 kg a.i. ha^–1) of procymidon (0,5 kg a.i. ha^–1), de eerste in het stadium begin bloei en de tweede 14 dagen later tijdens de peulzetting, waren voldoende omB. cinerea in stamslabonen te bestrijden. Tevens werden goede resultaten verkregen met iprodion en thiofanaat-methyl. Vinchlozolin en procymidon gaven volgens hetzelfde schema toegepast ook de beste werking tegenS. sclerotiorum. Toepassingen van deze laatste twee fungiciden leverden een hogere peulopbrengst en hadden geen invloed op de kleur en de kwaliteit van de peulen. Het residugehalte in de peulen lag beneden de toelaatbare grens.This research was subsidized by the Instituut tot Aanmoediging van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek in Nijverheid en Landbouw (IWONL).