提高猪群繁殖效率的策略与方法

一、诱导母猪发情与发情检测 发情是后备母猪受胎能力和筛选的标记，是经产母猪受胎能力的标记，以及输精时间的标记。[第一段]     

Feed enzyme supplementation does not ameliorate foot pad dermatitis in broiler chickens fed on a corn-soyabean diet

1.?Foot Pad Dermatitis (FPD) can be a serious health, quality and welfare problem in poultry production, with a significant affect on the economics of production. The physico-chemical properties of (NSP) have been correlated with increases in excreta viscosity and adherence, and hence FPD in broiler chickens.

2.?Two broiler experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of different dietary non-starch polisaccharide (NSP) applications to corn-soyabean based diets in replicated floor pens. In addition to live performance, the incidence and severity of FPD was scored and, in experiment 2, intestinal viscosity and ammonia volatilization were measured.

3.?Live performance did not vary with the different treatments in either experiment and the incidence and severity of FPD, and ammionia volatisation in experiment 2, were unaffected. However, birds reared on enzyme supplemented diets had lower (P? 4.?In this study with corn-soyabean meal based diets, dietary enzyme supplementation had no affect on the incidence and severity of FPD. The lack of an association between the excreta viscosity and FPD is attributed to the multifactorial etiology of this condition.     

DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF SOFT TISSUES IN THE BOVINE DISTAL LIMB

In this study sonographic images of healthy flexor tendons, digital flexor tendon sheaths, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the bovine limb were made. Then, synovial cavities in cadavers were filled with the necessary amount of fluid to make the lumina visible sonographically. After injecting 30–40 ml of saline solution into the digital flexor tendon sheath and into the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, or 8 ml in the proximal interphalangeal joint and 10 ml in the distal interphalangeal joint, the pouches of these synovial cavities were clearly demarcated. Afterwards, the sonographic image of synovial cavities distended by various inflammatory content were described. When the sonographic findings were compared to the findings in clinical patients, centesis and intraoperative procedures, there appeared to be a relationship as to the extent and location of the disorders as well as to the nature of the synovial effusion. Finally, we identified which planes on diseased bovine distal limbs were appropriate for obtaining optimal sonographic images.     

Feature Review Series

Extract

This issue of the New Zealand Veterinary Journal contains our second Feature Review Series, this time comprising six state-of- the-art reviews on the Health and Welfare of Farmed Deer. Topics have been chosen to elaborate areas of veterinary science of both national and international importance, and have been contributed by acknowledged experts in these fields. This review series has been sponsored by the Deer Branch of the New Zealand Veterinary Association, whose support is gratefully acknowledged. Our intention is to include a Feature Review Series in the December issue of the Journal each year. Ed.     

Analgesic, hemodynamic and respiratory effects of caudal epidurally administered ropivacaine hydrochloride in mares

Objective To determine the analgesic, hemodynamic and respiratory effects, sedation and ataxia in mares of caudal epidural administration of ropivacaine hydrochloride solution. Study design Prospective, single‐dose trial. Animals Ten healthy mares weighing from 475 to 565 kg. Methods Intravascular catheters and an epidural needle were placed after infiltration of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with 2% lidocaine. Ropivacaine (0.5%, 8 or 9 mL) was then injected epidurally at the fifth sacral or sacrococcygeal vertebrae, respectively. Analgesia was determined by lack of sensory perception to electrical stimulation (> 40 milliamps) and absence of response to needle pricks extending from coccyx to S2 dermatomes. Electrocardiogram, heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure, arterial acid‐base (pH, standard bicarbonate and base excess), gas tensions (PO₂, PCO₂), PCV, oxyhemoglobin and total solids concentrations, and numerical scores of perineal analgesia, sedation (head drop), and ataxia (position of pelvic limbs) were determined before and during a 5‐hour testing period. Analysis of variance (anova ) with repeated measures was used to detect significant (p < 0.05) differences of mean values from baseline. Results Epidurally administered ropivacaine induced variable analgesia extending bilaterally from coccyx to S2 (three mares), coccyx to S3 (four mares), and coccyx to S4 (three mares), with minimal sedation, ataxia, and cardiovascular and respiratory disturbances of mares. Perineal analgesia was attained at 10 ± 4 minutes and lasted for 196 ±42 minutes (mean ± SD). Five mares demonstrated inadequate perineal analgesia, probably attributable to deviation of the spinal needle from the midline. They were successfully blocked with ropivacaine on another occasion. Epidural ropivacaine significantly reduced repiratory rates of mares and did not change other variables from baseline. Conclusions and clinical relevance Ropivacaine (0.5%, 8 mL 500 kg^?1) can be administered caudal epidurally to produce prolonged (> 2.5 hours) bilateral perineal analgesia with minimal sedation, ataxia, and circulatory and respiratory disturbances in standing mares.