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141.
142.
Biological control of peach twig blight (Monilinia laxa) with Penicillium frequentans 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In 1986 and 1988 various preparations of spores and or mycelium of the antagonist Penicillium frequentans , alone or in alternation with captan were applied to field-grown peach trees inoculated with Monilinia laxa , the cause of twig blight. Some preparations of P. frequentans containing nutrients gave significant reductions in severity of disease (from 38 to 80%) over control, comparable to that given by captan. Combinations of P. frequentans and captan gave a level of control similar to or less than that given by the antagonist or chemical alone. Populations of P. frequentans on shoots were monitored after application in 1986. When applied with nutrients, levels of P. frequentans on shoots remained higher than when the fungus was applied in the absence of nutrients. In a glasshouse experiment the effect of P. frequentans treatments on twig blight was influenced by the type and amount of M. laxa inoculum applied. 相似文献
143.
R. F. DE BOER F. C. GREENHALGH K. G. PEGG P. E. MAYERS T. M. LIM S. FLETT 《EPPO Bulletin》1990,20(1):193-197
Treatments with a partially neutralized formulation of phosphorous acid containing potassium phosphite were assessed for control of Phytophthora diseases in subtropical and temperate crops in Australia. In Queensland, trunk injections of phosphite (10% solution) controlled severe root rot (Phytophthora cinnamomi) of avocado trees and resulted in the recovery of trees. Single pre-harvest sprays (2.5 kg ha-1) of phosphite controlled root and heart rot (P. cinnamomi) of pineapples. Foliar sprays of phosphite (64 g per tree) controlled root rot (P. nicotianae var. parasitica) and trunk canker (P. citrophthora) of mandarin trees. In Victoria, a foliar spray of phosphite (300 g ha-1) reduced root rot (P. clandestina) of subterranean clover and increased dry matter by 1.96 to 5.11 t ha-1. Trunk injections of phosphite (10% solution) controlled trunk rot (P. cactorum) of peach trees and foliar sprays (10 kg ha-1) reduced severity of root rot (P. nicotianae var. nicotianae) of tomatoes. 相似文献
144.
145.
In most group‐living mammals, reproductive success declines with increasing age and increases with increasing rank. Such effects have mainly been studied in matrilineal and in “age positive” hierarchies, which are stable and in which high ranking females often outperform low ranking ones. These relationships are less well‐understood in age‐inversed dominance hierarchies, in which a female's rank changes over time. We analyzed demographic data of 2 wild, unprovisioned groups of gray langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) near Ramnagar, Nepal covering periods of 5 years each. Female rank was unstable and age‐inversed. We measured reproductive success via birth rates (57 births), infant survival (proportion of infants surviving to 2 years) and number of offspring surviving to 2 years of age (successful births) for 3 age and 3 rank classes. We found that old females performed significantly worse than expected (birth rate P = 0.04; successful births P = 0.03). The same was true for low ranking females (P = 0.04, and P < 0.01, respectively). Infant survival was highest for young and middle‐aged as well as for high and middle ranking females. Overall, the results for these unstable hierarchies were rather similar to those for stable hierarchies of other mammals, particularly several nonhuman primates. Compared to a provisioned population of a closely related species, the wild and unprovisioned population examined (i) showed stronger age effects, while (ii) female reproductive success was equally affected by rank. Future comparative studies are needed to examine whether captive or provisioned populations deviate predictably from wild populations. 相似文献
146.
Chappert J Cohen RL Cohen SG Gonser U Johnson CE DE Waard H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,215(4539):1458
147.
DE Montellano BR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,223(4640):1069-1070
148.
赣南红壤侵蚀区植被退化和恢复演替的初步研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
在对赣南典型红壤侵蚀区进行调查的基础上,结合有关资料论述了赣南红壤侵蚀区植被退化和恢复演替的基本规律,并结合退化和恢复过程提出了重要植被的措施。 相似文献
149.
A severe decline of alder associated with an undescribed Phytophthora species was identified for the first time in England in 1993. No generalized decline of alder was reported in France before 1990. The first diebacks and mortalities of common alder were observed at the beginning of the 1990s, but the so‐called alder Phytophthora was not isolated in France until 1996. First, a synthesis about alder declines that were known in France before 1995 is presented. Then, a survey was established in north‐eastern France; 108 sites were visited and the alder Phytophthora was isolated from 57 of them. All the main rivers were found to be affected and damage levels are significant along some of them. The frequency of the alder Phytophthora and other fungi isolated from declining alders is discussed. Finally, information on other alder declines in France is presented region by region, and a map summarizes the known distribution of the disease. The alder Phytophthora is quite common and widespread in France, with western and north‐eastern France being especially affected; however, the number of diseased or dead trees varies greatly from one site to another. All records are from Alnus glutinosa; other Alnus species were seldom seen in the surveys. 相似文献
150.