Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für angew. Entomologie E. V.

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Untersuchungen über Nebenwirkungen verschiedener Niemprodukte beiDaphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera)

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Nebenwirkungen von Niemprodukten beiDaphnia magna, einem vielfach für Toxizitätsprüfungen bei Pestiziden verwendeten Testorganismus untersucht.Ein 48 h-Immobilisations-Test wurde mit 6–24 h alten Juvenilen durchgeführt. Die 48 h-EC₅₀ in mg/l und die entsprechende Azadirachtinkonzentration in ppm der Präparate Neem-Azal-S (Azal), AZT-Extrakt (AZT), Margosan-O^® (Margosan) und Niem-Samenkern Extrakt (NSKE) lagen bei 12,3 mg/l (0,04 ppm), 29,3 mg/l (0,34 ppm), 103 mg/l (0,19 ppm) und 1128 mg/l (3,38 ppm). Für 48 h der EC₁₀ exponierte sowie anschließend in nichtkontaminiertem Wasser aufgezogene Juvenile entwickelten sich mit normalen Wachstumsraten und wiesen keine Häutungsschäden auf. Semistatische Exposition führte bei Juvenilen und Adulten zu erhöhten Mortalitätsraten. Überlebende Juvenile entwickelten sich mit geringfügig reduzierten Wachstumsraten und erreichten die Geschlechtsreife. Überlebende Adulte hatten ebenfalls keine Häutungsschwierigkeiten und produzierten lebensfähige, morphologisch normale Nachkommen in verringerter Anzahl.In den beschriebenen Versuchen hatten die formulierten Produkte einen stärkeren Effekt als NSKE in der Reihenfolge Azal>AZT>Margosan>NSKE. Die fehlende Korrelation zwischen den beiD. magna beobachteten Effekten und der insektiziden Hauptkomponente Azadirachtin macht es wahrscheinlich, daß vor allem Emulgatoren und/oder Begleistoffe für die Wirkung der Niemprodukte verantwortlich sind.Die Wirkungen von Niemapplikationen in Naßreisfeldern als Schädlingsbekämpfungs- oder Düngungsmaßnahmen werden im Hinblick auf praxisnahe Bedingungen diskutiert.

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Investigations on side-effects of various neem products onDaphnia magna Straus (Crustacea: Cladocera)

The possible side-effects of the neem products NeemAzal-S (Azal), Azt-Extract (AZT), Margosan-O^® (Margosan) and aqueous neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) onDaphnia magna, the water flea, were investigated under laboratory conditions.A 48h immobilisation test was conducted using 6–24 h old juveniles ofD. magna. The 48h-EC₅₀ in mg/l and the corresponding azadirachtin concentrations in ppm were for Azal 12.3 mg/l (0.04 ppm), for AZT-extract 29.3 mg/l (0.34 ppm), for Margosan-O 103 mg/l (0.19 ppm) and for NSKE 1128 mg/l (3.38 ppm). 48 h exposure of young water fleas to the EC₁₀ and subsequent rearing for 3 weeks in uncontaminated water caused no reduction of the growth rate. Semi-static tests using juveniles and adults of an age of 21 days led to increased mortality but surviving juvenile water fleas developed with slightly reduced growth rates and reached maturity. Surviving adults produced viable, morphologically normal progeny in reduced number. There were no difficulties during moults. In the described tests the formulated products were more effective than NSKE in the order Azal>AZT>Margosan>NSKE. The missing correlation between the observed effects and the content of the main insecticidal ingredient azadirachtin in the neem products leads to the conclusion that the major factors for toxicity of the formulated products are emulsifiers and/or other products. The possible impact of neem products on aquatic microcrustaceans when used for pest control measures or as fertilizers in rice fields is discussed.

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Mit 4 Abbildungen und 3 Tabellen     

Die Reaktion der Fraßkapazität des BorkenkäferräubersNemosoma elongatum L. (Col., Ostomidae) im Imaginalstadium auf unterschiedliches Beuteangebot in künstlichen Gängen

Feeding capacity of adultN. elongatum was tested at different prey quantities of the bark beetlePityogenes chalcographus L. (Scolytidae) in artificial galleries. Maximum feeding capacity of 2.P. chalcographus/day was observed when 3 prey items/day were offered. There was no increase in prey consumption with further increase of prey quantities, i. e. there was no functional response. Possible reasons for restricted feeding capacity are discussed. It is suggested thatN. elongatum adults exhibit a “threshold strategy” which tends to reach an optimum feeding level instead of a maximum food intake. The consequences of restricted feeding capacity for limiting bark beetle populations are discussed.     

Zur Wirkung von Aasgeruch auf die Fangleistung von Buchdruckerfallen

The effect of carrion smell on the catching-efficiency of pheromone baited flight barriere traps for the spruce bark beetleIps typographus L. was studied from June to September 1989 in a spruce forest near Göttingen. We compared the number of spruce bark beetles and carrion beetles catched with 6 pairs of Theysohn-Slit-Traps, baited with Pheroprax^®. The first trap of each pair controlled in regular time intervals of 14 days. The second controlled singulary at the end of the study. If the traps aren't controlled at regular intervals, the catching-efficiency of the traps decreases caused by the dead beetles in the trap. Contemporarily the number of carrion beetles in the traps increases. During the flight of the second generation ofIps typographus controll intervals of 14 days lead to an increased impact of carrion beetles in the traps.     

Renal Allograft Survival in Outbred Mongrel Dogs Using Rabbit Anti-Dog Thymocyte Serum in Combination With Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy With or Without Donor Bone Marrow

Therapeutic renal transplantation in dogs is currently being investigated as a treatment for end-stage renal disease. This pilot study examines the effect of donor bone marrow (DBM) infusion and antithymocyte serum (ATS) in combination with immunosuppressive drug therapy in prolonging renal allograft survival in dogs. Seven normal outbred mongrel dogs received an unmatched renal allograft. All dogs received rabbit anti-dog thymocyte serum (RADTS), prednisone (Pr), cyclosporine-A (CsA) and azathioprine (Aza). In addition, three dogs (group 1 test) received DBM and four dogs (group 2 control) did not receive DBM. Serum CsA levels were measured throughout the study. Immunosuppressive therapy was gradually reduced with Pr, CsA, and Aza withdrawn at 200,450, and 680 days, respectively. Allograft rejection was treated with prednisolone sodium succinate. One dog in group 1 and one in group 2 died as a result of infectious canine rhinotracheitis and rejection early in the study. Renal allograft torsion occurred in one group 1 dog. The remaining four dogs survived the 2 years of the study. The dogs in group 2 (three dogs) all rejected the renal allograft after total drug withdrawal, the surviving dog in group 1 did not. This study demonstrates that RADTS, Pr, CsA, and Aza in combination can prolong renal allograft survival in mongrel dogs, whereas DBM may enhance the unresponsive state.     

Bilateral Iliopsoas Muscle Contracture and Spinous Process Impingement in a German Shepherd Dog

Objective— To report diagnosis and treatment of bilateral iliopsoas muscle contracture in a dog with spinous process impingement. Study design— Case report. Animals— German Shepherd dog. Methods— A dog with chronic progressive lameness, flexion contracture of the coxofemoral joints, severe pain, and decreased femoral reflexes had severe spondylosis bridging the vertebral bodies from L1 to L4 and enlarged dorsal spinous processes from T8 to L6 with impingement and bony proliferation. Ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were consistent with fibrosis, mineralization, and atrophy of the iliopsoas muscles bilaterally which was treated by staged tenectomy of the insertions of the iliopsoas muscles. Results— Because of severe perivascular fibrosis, the femoral vessels required ligation. Bilateral iliopsoas muscle tenectomy improved gait and provided pain relief. Histologic findings were consistent with fibrotic myopathy. Conclusions— Slow progression of severe clinical signs observed bilaterally in this dog differs from previous reports of iliopsoas myopathy. Findings were similar to the fibrotic myopathy of the gracilis or semitendinosus muscles described in dogs. Clinical Relevance— Iliopsoas muscle abnormalities should be considered in dogs with limited hip extension and pain. MRI is useful for diagnosing muscle fibrosis. Iliopsoas tenectomy may improve clinical function in dogs with fibrotic myopathy.     

Transendoscopic injection of poly-L-lactic acid into the soft palate in horses: A new therapy for dorsal displacement of the soft palate?

The purpose of this study was to establish a minimal invasive, transendoscopic technique for injection of poly-L-lactic acid into the free edge of the soft palate that can be performed on the standing sedated horse. Furthermore, whether the implant material induces an increase in fibrous tissue at the injection site, resulting in a greater rigidity of the soft palate, was determined.In 4 horses, the injection was performed bilaterally along the caudal margin of the soft palate, and the influence of the treatment on the soft palate function was determined. Clinical, radiographic and endoscopic examinations at rest were performed before and up to 168 days after injection according to a standardized examination protocol.In 6 horses, the implant material was injected unilaterally into the right half of the caudal margin of the soft palate. After clinical and endoscopic follow-up examinations, 2 horses each were killed 28, 84, and 168 days after the implantation procedure. At necropsy, macroscopic comparison of the treated and the untreated halves of the soft palate showed the influence on the size of the ostium intrapharyngeum and on the soft palate thickness. The localization of the implant material in the soft palate and the tissue response to the poly-L-lactic acid were evaluated histologically.Transendoscopic injection into the soft palate requires neither general anesthesia nor wound management, and it is noted for minimal tissue trauma. After injection, no alteration of the soft palate function was observed in horses with normal upper airway mechanics. One horse with intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate showed an improvement of the soft palate function for 112 days after implantation. No significant alteration in the size of the ostium intrapharyngeum was evident in any horse. Histologic assessment indicated the presence of implant material during the entire observation period of 168 days. The implant was accompanied by a granulomatous inflammation, and it was encapsulated by fibrous tissue. This may result in an increase in stiffness, and subsequent a greater rigidity of the soft palate, preventing it from displacement. The injection may therefore be considered an alternative to established therapies in horses showing dorsal displacement of the soft palate because of its unstable free edge.     

Comparison of a Biofragmentable Intestinal Anastomosis Ring With Appositional Suturing for Subtotal Colectomy in Normal Cats

A subtotal colectomy was performed on 12 normal adult cats using an interrupted apposing suture pattern of monofilament polyglyconate (n = 6) or a biofragmentable intestinal anastomosis ring (Valtrac, Davis and Geek Company, Danbury, CT) (n = 6) composed of polyglycolic acid and barium sulfate. Abdominal radiographs were made daily, beginning 10 days after surgery, to determine fragmentation rates of the anastomosis ring. The cats were euthanatized 30 days after surgery, and a gross and histopathological evaluation of anastomotic healing and stricture formation was performed. The technique for implantation of the anastomosis ring was easy to learn and required only two purse string sutures to complete. Intraoperative complications associated with the anastomosis ring were minor, and included problems with purse string suture placement, small serosal tears, and spasms of the colon that reduced the lumenal diameter. There were no intraoperative complications in the cats with sutured anastomoses. Postoperative recovery was uneventful in all cats. The anastomosis rings fragmented 12.2 ± 1.1 days (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) after implantation and passed in the stool 3.8 ± 1.9 days later without clinical signs in five of six cats. There were no statistically significant differences between the time required to perform the anastomosis ( P = .348), postmortem gross anastomosis grades ( P = .088), or percent of lumenal stricture ( P = .178) between the two groups. Histologically, the only significant differences were an increased muscular inversion in the anastomoses performed using the fragmentable ring ( P = .039) and an increased muscular eversion in the sutured anastomoses ( P < .001) compared with normal colonic architecture.     

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Clinical and Pathologic Correlates

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a primary myocardial disease with a wide range of clinical and morphologic characteristics. It is characterized by increased cardiac mass associated with a non-dilated, hypertrophied left ventricle. Phenotypic variability is substantial and includes both diffuse and segmental forms of left ventricular hypertrophy. Histopathologic features consist of myofiber disorganization, intramural arteriosclerosis, and pathologic fibrosis and matrix connective tissue. Associated functional derangements include dynamic obstruction to left and right ventricular outflow and diastolic dysfunction, including heart failure.