No consistent daily variation in DNA methylation detected in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus nigra</Emphasis> leaves by methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism analysis

DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism used by cells to control gene expression, has an important biological role in plant development and environmental fitness. Since plant DNA methylation is closely related to environmental conditions, variation during the day is expected. Here, in genetically identical plants of Populus nigra clone N46, DNA methylation changes in leaves over a 24 h period were detected using the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism method. The results showed different DNA methylation patterns in mature poplar leaves: not only in individuals at the same time, but also in samples at each of the six time during the day. In addition, night samples had a higher percentage of methylation than in morning samples. However, no statistically significant differences were found among the samples gathered at different times. Similar results were obtained for three other P. nigra clones with different genetic backgrounds. Real time qPCR showed that the DNA methyltransferase genes Pt-MET1 and Pt-SOM1 involved in CG DNA methylation in poplar were stable over a 24 h period in leaves of P. nigra N46 compared with circadian-controlled genes. That could be part of the reason that methylation of CCGG sites is stable in those leaves. That DNA methylation differed even in genetically identical plants indicates the specificity of DNA methylation changes in their genomes. No statistically significant differences in methylation changes were found between day and night, suggesting that DNA methylation is more stable than expected and is unlikely to be involved in circadian regulation in plants.     

多目标驱动的拖拉机产品族外形基因设计

为塑造标志性的品牌造型元素及独特的品牌形象,提高农机用户对拖拉机外形设计的满意度,提出一种多目标驱动的拖拉机产品族外形基因进化设计方法.在拖拉机产品族外形基因的提取、变异系数分析的基础上,构建了多目标驱动的拖拉机产品族外形基因进化设计模型,研究了基于形态学矩阵的产品族外形基因进化解空间,并采用快速非支配遗传算法对多目标决策模型进行求解.以某企业产轮式拖拉机为例,分析了品牌识别、用户意象、社会情境3目标驱动的产品族外形基因进化设计过程,并建立了拖拉机产品族侧面外形基因计算机辅助设计系统,将获得的子代方案与所选取的样本p15的外形方案进行对比评价.结果表明:子代方案能较好地延续该品牌原有产品造型特征与风格;同时,相较于样本p15,子代方案对品牌识别、用户意象、社会情境的符合程度分别提高了30%、54%、80%,验证了方法的可行性与有效性.     

HYDRUS模型与遥感集合卡尔曼滤波同化提高土壤水分监测精度

精确地估测干旱区土壤水分含量,对该区域的农业发展与水土保持具有重要意义。该文以MODIS与Landsat TM数据为数据源,利用其反演获得的条件温度植被指数(temperature-vegetation drought Index,TVDI)作为观测算子,将集合卡尔曼滤波(ensemble Kalman filter,En-KF)同化方法应用于水文模型(HYDRUS-1D),进行干旱区表层土壤水分的模拟。结果表明:遥感数据反演土壤水分所构建的二维特征空间TVDI与表层土壤水分有较好的一致性;En-KF同化方法对模型变量与观测算子的更新,与单纯使用HYDRUS模型相比,获得的表层土壤水分含量精度有了明显提高,其均方根误差缩小了1个百分点,平均误差缩小了5个百分点。可见,基于多源遥感数据对表层土壤水分的En-KF同化模拟在干旱区具有较大的潜力,是提高干旱区土壤水分含水量监测精度的有效手段。     

轴流式和切流式机械脱粒对稻谷损伤及加工品质的影响

为确定不同机械脱粒滚筒收获方式对收获后稻谷品质性状的影响,以手工收获方式稻谷为对照组,对轴流式和切流式脱粒滚筒收获方式收获稻谷的品质性状进行研究,检测不同收获方式稻谷的裂纹率、裂颖率、发芽率、幼苗生长、腹部与背部作为承压面糙米的三点弯曲破碎力、加工品质指标等。测试结果表明:机械脱粒方式收获稻谷与手工收获方式相比,裂颖率增加,发芽和幼苗生长、三点弯曲破碎力和加工品质降低,其中裂颖率最大增加约35.6%,发芽率降低最大达53%,茎秆长度最大降低15 mm,根数量最大降低2.4个,腹部和背部三点弯曲破碎力减小最大值为4.5和3.8 N,整精米率最大降低12.11%;而切流式脱粒滚筒收获方式收获稻谷与轴流式相比,裂颖率较大,发芽率降低达34%~51%,茎杆长度降低最大达12.6 mm,根数量降低最大达1.8个,腹部和背部三点弯曲破碎力差异较小,整精米率降低10.38%。总体来说不同机械脱粒收获方式对稻谷的品质性状影响具有差异性,轴流式脱粒收获方式对稻谷的机械损伤小于切流式脱粒收获方式,机械脱粒损伤稻谷品质性状的评价应该根据稻谷具体使用目的进行客观全面的评价。     

Long-term changes in land use impact the accumulation of microbial residues in the particle-size fractions of a Mollisol

To test the impact of a range of long-term land use types on the partitioning of microbial residues among soil particles, samples from a Mollisol with plots under 100 years of continuous arable cropping, 30 years of simulated overgrazing to severely degraded bare soil, or 30 years of grassland restoration were investigated. The microbial residues, which were assessed among three particle-size fractions (<2, 2–20, and 20–250 μm) by amino sugar extraction, exhibited change with particle size and land use. Converting arable cropping to bare soil induced substantial depletion of amino sugars associated with the clay-size fraction, as a proportion of total carbon (C) and total soil mass, but not the silt- and sand-size fractions. Alternatively, switching arable soil to grassland increased amino sugar stocks in both the clay- and sand-size fractions. Analysis of the relative input of fungal and bacterial derived amino sugars indicated that fungal sources are the most dynamic with respect to land use change. These results highlight the selective vulnerability of microbial C pools in finer fractions under low plant C input and the selective recovery in specific fractions upon restoration, emphasizing the importance of the conversion of plant organic matter into mineral-associated microbial residues to promote stable soil organic C.     

基于低空无人机遥感技术的油菜机械直播苗期株数识别

植株数量识别是油菜机械直播效果和质量评估的关键.该文针对油菜机械直播田间植株数量检测中人工统计耗时、费工、效率低下的现实,通过自主搭建的低空无人机遥感平台采集油菜机械直播区域的遥感影像,基于超高分辨率(0.18 cm/pixel)遥感影像计算的颜色植被指数进行油菜目标识别及其形态特征信息提取.结合田间调查数据,采用逐步回归分析方法,建立了机械直播油菜在苗期的株数与遥感特征信息之间的关系.结果显示,油菜目标的株数与其外接矩形的长宽比、像素分布密度和周长栅格数具有较好的线性关系,回归模型的决定系数R2为0.803,并通过显著性检验,其标准估计误差为0.699.模型检验结果显示,观测值与预测值之间的R2为0.809,均方根误差RMSE为0.728.研究结果表明,利用集成超高分辨率传感器的低空无人机遥感平台,通过计算颜色植被指数并分析油菜目标数量与形态特征的相关性,能有效识别油菜机械直播的出苗株数,可为后续油菜机械直播效果的快速、准确评估提供技术支持.     

基于多源遥感数据的艾比湖流域盐土SWAT模型参数修正

在SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型模拟地表分量过程中,常默认土壤剖面电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)值为0或0.1,将其应用于土壤盐渍化程度较高的流域时,不符合下垫面实际情况。为确保水文模拟逼近真实地表模拟过程,进一步提高模拟精度,该文利用GF-1号卫星16 m分辨率多光谱遥感影像结合分类回归树法反演艾比湖流域区域尺度0~100 cm土壤剖面电导率,模拟值与实测值均方根最大值误差为4.81 dS/m,相对误差最大值为15.17%。模拟值用于修正EC值,结果表明:EC值修正后的SWAT模型土壤水分模拟值,较修正前模拟值精度提高23.84个百分点。该方法在实现SWAT模型参数本地化的同时,有效提高了土壤水分模拟精度,可为土壤盐渍化区域水文模拟提供参考。     

日粮中添加沙棘果渣对肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响

选用120只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分为4组,分别饲喂用0%、2%、4%、6%沙棘果渣替代基础日粮中麸皮,研究沙棘果渣对肉鸡生产性能和免疫机能的影响。结果表明:在15～28日龄和29～42日龄两个阶段,日粮中添加4%沙棘果渣可显著提高肉鸡日增重,降低料肉比(P0.05)。粗蛋白质表观代谢率随着添加量的增加有增加的趋势(P0.05),而粗脂肪的表观代谢率则是随着添加量的增加而降低(P0.05)。血液中的Cd4+含量和Cd4+/Cd8+随日粮中沙棘果渣含量的增加而增加(P0.05),而血液中Cd8+的含量呈现随日粮中沙棘果渣含量增加而降低的趋势。免疫器官的相对重量随日粮中沙棘果渣含量的增加而增加(P0.05)。     

6-BA不同处理方式对百合切花保鲜效果的影响

各种不同的6-BA处理方法在适当质量浓度时,都在一定程度上延长了切花的瓶插寿命,具有较好的叶片保绿效果,尤其是脉冲处理,保绿效果显著。各种处理方式对花苞直径的增长没有明显的促进效果,并且高质量浓度的瓶插处理与脉冲处理会抑制花苞直径的增长,高质量浓度的瓶插处理会缩短切花的瓶插寿命。各种质量浓度的喷施处理对切花的各项观赏指标没有负面影响,并且适当质量浓度的喷施处理与其他2种处理（适当质量浓度）方式相比,显著促进了切花鲜质量的增长,减缓了花瓣的萎蔫,从而提高切花的观赏质量。     

盐胁迫下构树DREB转录因子基因表达的实时荧光定量PCR分析

转录因子是指那些专一性地结合于DNA特定序列上、能激活或抑制其他基因转录的蛋白质(王少峡等,2004)。DREB(dehydration responsive element binding protein)转录因子是一种特异性的转录因子,当植物在干旱、低温及盐等逆境胁迫下,DREB转录