高寒草甸土壤微生物功能多样性对氮肥添加的响应

采用Biolog-ECO生态板法研究了4个施N水平[0 g/m²（CK）,10 g/m²（N₁₀）,20 g/m²（N₂₀）,30 g/m²（N₃₀）]下土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性的变化规律。结果表明:中高水平氮肥添加显著增加了速效氮、速效磷含量和根土比,但降低了土壤含水量。施N肥0-10 cm土层平均颜色变化率降低,而10-20 cm土层则被提高,且N₂₀最大。施N肥后降低了0-10 cm土层土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数和McIntosh指数,但10-20 cm土层则被提高。PCA分析表明,施N肥改变了土壤微生物代谢功能类型,糖类、氨基酸、酸类是土壤微生物主要利用的碳源类型。RDA分析表明,在0-10 cm土层,土壤含水量和全氮是影响土壤微生物功能多样性的主要因子,而10-20 cm土层主要受土壤含水量和速效磷的影响。综上,施N肥增加了土壤的有效养分含量,进而改变土壤微生物功能多样性、碳源利用能力和数量。     

Regulation of mycorrhiza development in durum wheat by P fertilization: Effect on plant nitrogen metabolism

The aim of this work was to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on growth and nitrogen (N) metabolism of durum wheat (Tritcum durum) under various P soil contents. The analyses were extended to macro and micronutrient tissue concentrations, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, as well as protein, aminoacids, pyridine dinucleotides and adenine nucleotides. Arbuscular mycorrhiza increased wheat growth in soil in which P availability was low and nitrate was the dominant N form. The root colonization occurred at the highest level in plants grown in limiting soil P and was inversely related to soil P content. The micorrhizal wheat plants contained also the highest concentrations of macro (P, K, Ca, N) and micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn) as well as free amino acids, protein, NAD, NADP, AMP, ADP, ATP in roots and leaves. In particular, the micronutrient tissue concentrations (Zn, Mn) supported that mycorrhiza actively modulated their uptake limiting interferences and optimizing growth better than the plant roots, like a very efficient “rootstock”. Control plants grown at the highest soil P did not reach the same concentration as the mycorrhizal plants. Nitrate reductase activities in the roots of mycorrhizal plants were higher than in the control ones, while glutamine synthetase activities were highest in the leaves. Protein and amino acids concentrations, as well as AMP, ADP, ATP, NAD(P), and NAD(P)H were also higher than in the control. Among the free amino acids in the roots, the high levels of glutamine, asparagine, arginine, support the view that ammonium was transferred through the arbuscules to the root cells where it was re‐assimilated in the cortical cells, forming high N : C ratio‐amino acids. They were transferred to the leaves where all the other N compounds could be largely synthesized using the carbon skeletons supplied by photosynthesis.     

Comparative study of the effects of solid-state fermentation with three filamentous fungi on the total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of subfractions from oats (Avena sativa L.)

The aim of present work was to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation with filamentous fungi (Aspergillus oryzae var. effuses, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus niger) on total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of four subfractions of oat, namely, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, and water, and compare them to their corresponding subfractions of unfermented oat. The TPC and total flavonoids increased dramatically, especially in EA subfractions (p < 0.05). The levels of antioxidant activity of subfractions were also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant activities were also found in the EA subfractions. The polyphenols in EA were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography at 280 nm. Most polyphenols were increased remarkably, especially ferulic and caffeic acids. There was a clear correlation between the TPC and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, fungi fermentation is a potential bioprocess for increasing the TPC, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of oat-based food.     

基于C8051F005的组培CO2微环境调控系统的研制与试验

基于C8051F005芯片设计开发一种新型组培气体微环境控制系统,采用高纯度CO2定压定量供给和自动箱内循环在线监测技术,成功解决了CO2气体难以自动精确施放和传感器检测精度及其稳定性的问题,实现了组培微环境CO2浓度的按需设定和自动控制.该系统能够同时记录CO2浓度的下降量和时长,既可用于研究不同组培微环境因子对组培苗同化CO2速率的影响,又能用于规模化组培育苗生产.以驱蚊香草、冬青、大花蕙兰组培苗为实验材料,验证系统可靠性与可行性.结果表明该系统运行可靠,控制精度高,能够满足规模化组培育苗对气体微环境调控的需求和组培微环境建模的科研要求.     

滦河流域生态系统健康评价研究

总结了国内外对流域生态系统进行健康评价的实践,以生态系统健康理论和“压力—状态—响应”模型为基础,构建了滦河流域(内蒙古山区部分)的生态系统健康评价指标体系。采用层次分析法进行的综合评价结果表明:滦河流域生态环境健康状态得分为0.82,健康指数为0.48。滦河流域应加强水土保持,减少土壤侵蚀;加大围栏育草、禁牧、休牧、轮牧等力度,治理沙化草场,恢复植被;降低单位面积农药施用量,以减少流域非点源污染;减少对流域内湿地的围垦和破坏;有计划地恢复河滨湿地生态系统,促进河流生态功能恢复。     

水氮耦合对黑土稻作产量与氮素吸收利用的影响

为探明不同水氮耦合模式下黑土区水稻产量形成和氮素吸收利用的规律,设置常规淹灌（F）、浅湿灌溉（W）和控制灌溉（C）3种灌溉模式,0、85、110、135kg/hm2（N0、N1、N2、N3）4个施氮量水平,共12个处理,研究不同水氮耦合模式对水稻干物质、产量、氮素吸收转运、水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明：常规淹灌和浅湿灌溉模式下,水稻地上部各器官干物质累积量随施氮量的增加而增大,而控制灌溉模式随施氮量的增加先增大后减小;水稻地上部不同器官氮素累积量随施氮量的增加而增大,相同施氮水平,控制灌溉模式的叶、茎鞘和穗氮素累积量较常规淹灌提高了27.80%~43.42%、18.32%~24.97%、13.85%~24.25%,较浅湿灌溉提高了0.96%~13.18%、10.73%~12.86%、10.53%~12.61%;3种灌溉模式下,水稻地上部干物质、氮素累积速率均随施氮量的增加而增大,且控制灌溉模式高于浅湿灌溉和常规淹灌模式,干物质、氮素累积始盛期随施氮量增加而提前;水稻植株平均氮素累积速率达到峰值时间比平均干物质累积速率达到峰值时间提前11.39d;相较于常规淹灌和浅湿灌溉模式,控制灌溉模式更有利于提高水稻产量,其中CN2处理产量最大,为10272.57kg/hm2;控制灌溉模式显著提升氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥偏生产力;相同灌溉模式下,叶、茎鞘氮素转运率以及穗部氮素转运贡献率随施氮量增加而减小。水稻产量与灌溉水分利用效率、水分生产效率、氮肥农学利用效率、百千克籽粒吸氮量之间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与氮素籽粒生产效率之间呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。适宜水氮耦合模式可提高水稻产量和氮素吸收利用,综合考虑CN2处理为最佳水氮耦合模式。     

磴口县地下水空间异质性分析及其对景观格局变化的响应

应用地统计学和地理信息系统方法,分析内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市磴口县地下水埋深对景观格局演变的响应。首先,通过半变异函数模型分析了磴口县地下水埋深的空间异质性特征,进而利用克里金插值对研究区2008、2016年的地下水埋深空间分布进行了拟合;其次,基于磴口县2008年与2016年的景观格局分布数据,研究了其景观格局演变特点;最后利用GIS叠加分析手段,将地下水埋深变化与景观格局演变数据进行耦合,分析了地下水埋深对景观格局演变的响应机制。研究结果如下：①空间上,磴口县地下水埋深大体遵循由东北向西南逐渐加深的趋势,研究时段内其空间异质性呈上升趋势,空间异质性中的随机扰动增强。②县域主要景观类型为林地,其次为沙地、裸地与水体,研究时段内建筑用地与水体增加明显,耕地与沙地略有减少。③景观格局演变对地下水埋深有较明显的影响,建筑用地的扩张使其加深,地表灌溉系统的不断完善使其上升。总体来看,磴口县地下水资源利用效率有较明显的提高。     

油菜覆膜打孔穴播机打孔装置设计与试验

为实现油菜等小粒径作物覆膜种植中膜上均匀打孔的功能,针对传统膜上成穴装置结构庞大复杂、工作时易黏土挑种及撕挑地膜等问题,设计了一种法兰式滚轮与螺纹式圆锥型锥钉组合式结构的打孔装置,确定了其主要结构参数范围;构建了打孔装置运动学模型,分析了打孔锥钉关键点的运动轨迹,确定了膜上打孔过程,并基于轨迹方程分析了膜孔尺寸参数;运用ADAMS运动学仿真,采用四因素三水平正交试验方法,以打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度为试验因素,以膜孔长度、膜孔间距偏差为试验考核指标,进行了打孔装置结构和运动参数的仿真试验。仿真结果表明:影响膜孔长度的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径、机组前进速度;影响膜孔间距偏差的因素主次顺序为打孔滚轮半径、机组前进速度、打孔锥钉顶角、打孔锥钉直径;基于参数优化,获得较优参数组合为:打孔锥钉顶角53°、打孔锥钉直径16 mm、打孔滚轮半径65 mm、机组前进速度4 km/h。以打孔装置较优结构参数组合进行了田间验证试验,结果表明:打孔装置所打膜孔形状较规则,普遍呈类圆形状,膜孔长度均在18 mm以上,膜孔间距较为均匀,与仿真结果基本一致;各行膜孔长度一致性变异系数为4.98%,各行膜孔间距均匀性变异系数为3.44%。结果表明试验参数组合选取合理,打孔装置符合设计要求。     

水炭运筹下水稻根系对氮素吸收利用的15N示踪分析

为揭示水炭运筹下水稻根系对氮素的吸收利用情况,采用田间小区试验与15N示踪微区结合的方法,试验设置两种灌水模式(浅湿干灌溉、常规淹灌)和4个秸秆生物炭施用水平(0、2.5、12.5、25t/hm2),以常规淹灌作为对照,研究浅湿干灌溉模式施加秸秆生物炭对水稻根系形态特征和生理特性的影响,以及根系对肥料和土壤氮素的吸收利用情况。结果表明：施加秸秆生物炭改变了水稻根系形态特征和生理特性,适量的秸秆生物炭提高了根系的主根长、根体积、根鲜质量、根系活跃吸收面积、根系伤流强度和根系活力,优化了根冠比,有利于根系对氮素的吸收;浅湿干灌溉模式水稻根系对肥料-15N和土壤氮素的吸收量与根系伤流强度和根系活力呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与活跃吸收面积呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),与根冠比呈显著负相关(P＜0.05);浅湿干灌溉模式根系形态特征和生理特性的变化促进了水稻根系对肥料-15N和土壤氮素的吸收,提高了水稻产量和氮肥利用率。其中,浅湿干灌溉模式施加12.5t/hm2秸秆生物炭处理的水稻经济产量、氮肥吸收利用率(NUE)、氮肥农学利用率(NAE)、氮肥偏生产力(NPFP)较不施加秸秆生物炭处理分别提高了13.05%、30.54%、11.67%和13.05%。本研究可为秸秆生物炭在寒地黑土区稻田的应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。