基于盐胁迫的小麦农艺性状多样性分析及评价

为筛选耐盐性优良的小麦资源,在0、0.3%和0.5%NaCl处理下,对黄淮麦区的132个小麦品种的8个数量性状进行了遗传多样性、相关性、主成分分析和耐盐性评价。结果表明,供试材料具有丰富的遗传多样性,且随盐浓度的升高,被测指标的变异系数和遗传多样性指数逐渐增大,其中单株成穗数、穗下茎节长和单株产量的变异系数均大于10%;除株高外,其他性状的遗传多样性指数均大于2。相关分析表明,在高盐(0.5%NaCl)胁迫下,株高与单株产量极显著正相关,而在低盐(0.3%NaCl)胁迫下则相关不显著;在低盐胁迫下,千粒重与单株产量极显著正相关,而在高盐胁迫下相关性不显著。主成分分析表明,在低盐、高盐胁迫下,前4个主成分累计贡献率达到82.677%、88.897%。以综合耐盐指数为依据,发现河北省的衡4399、石麦15,山东省的青麦6号、青丰1号、青农2号和烟农5286,河南省的洛旱6号、郑麦366、周麦22号、周麦23号和周麦28号共11个品种在两种盐分条件下均表现为耐盐性强。结合田间群体表现和产量,认为周麦22号、洛旱6号、郑366、青农2号、烟5286和衡4399为高产耐盐小麦种质资源,可在耐盐育种工作中加以利用。     

Dietary α‐linolenic acid affects lipid metabolism and tissue fatty acid profile and induces apoptosis in intraperitoneal adipose tissue of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to elucidate the effects and mechanism action of dietary α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) on lipid accumulation and fatty acid profile of muscle, hepatopancreas and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) in juvenile grass carp using three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing 0.0% (control group), 1.0% and 2.0% ALA, respectively. The lowest intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was found in 2.0% group. In the muscle, hepatopancreas and IPF, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) contents increased with the increase in dietary ALA. In the IPF, caspase 3, caspase 8 and caspase 9 showed the highest activities in 2.0% group, while the value of Bcl‐2/Bax (B‐cell leukaemia 2/Bcl‐2‐associated X protein) reached the lowest. Meanwhile, swelling of the IPF mitochondria was observed in 2.0% group. The gene expressions of fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and fatty acid elongase (ELO) in the hepatopancreas and muscle showed significantly higher levels in the treatment groups, whereas an opposite trend was existed in the IPF. Fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) in the IPF and hepatopancreas reached the lowest in 2.0% group. Overall, dietary ALA could promote n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) synthesis and suppress the accumulation of lipid by decreasing the expression of related genes and promoting the apoptosis in IPF.     

Effects of dietary live or heat‐inactivated autochthonous Bacillus pumilus SE5 on growth performance,immune responses and immune gene expression in grouper Epinephelus coioides

To evaluate the possible dietary application of live and heat‐inactivated probiotic Bacillus pumilus SE5 in grouper Epinephelus coioides, juveniles (14.6 ± 0.2 g) were fed either a basal control diet (without probiotic) or the basal diet supplemented with 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU g^?1 live (T1) and heat‐inactivated B. pumilus SE5 (T2). The heat‐inactivated probiotic significantly improved the final weight, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) at day 60 and significantly decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at day 30 and 60, while the viable probiotic significantly decreased the FCR at day 60 (P < 0.05). Phagocytic activity, serum complement C3 and IgM levels as well as SOD activity elevated significantly in fish fed the heat‐inactivated probiotic for 60 days (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the heat‐inactivated probiotic remarkably up‐regulated expression of TLR2 and pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐8 and IL‐1β) in head kidney (P < 0.05), but the viable probiotic failed to do so. These results indicated that heat‐inactivated B. pumilus SE5 can effectively improve the growth performance and immune responses of E. coioides.     

Effect of dietary supplementation of inulin and W. cibaria on haemato‐immunological parameters of hybrid surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp)

The dietary supplementation of prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotic in hybrid surubins (a Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and P. fasciatum cross) was evaluated for the effects on their autochthonous intestinal microbiota and on haematological and immunological parameters. A total of 160 fish were divided into four treatment groups with four replicates each. The treatment groups were fed with the following diets for 15 days: control diet without supplementation; 0.5% inulin (prebiotic) supplementation; Weissella cibaria (CPQBA 001‐10 DRM 02) (7.87 ± 0.2 log CFU g^?1) supplementation; or 0.5% inulin and W. cibaria supplementation (symbiotic group). The midgut intestines of the fish with the symbiotic diet supplementation had higher concentrations of lactic acid bacteria (7.07 ± 1.11 log CFU g^?1) and low levels of Vibrio spp (1.90 ± 0.60 log CFU g^?1) and Pseudomonas spp (2.23 ± 1.48 log CFU g^?1). In addition, increased erythrocytes and reduced circulating neutrophils were observed in this group. No differences in blood glucose, serum protein or lysozyme levels were detected between treatment groups. However, a higher concentration of total immunoglobulin was observed in fish fed with the probiotic and symbiotic diets. The addition of 0.5% inulin (prebiotic) thus W. cibaria (probiotic) to the diet of Pseudoplatystoma hybrid surubins reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria and stimulate the beneficial intestinal microbiota and may possibly alter their immune defence system.     

Schutz der Kulturen gegen Edelwild durch und in Wildgärten

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Zu Prekler’s „rationellem Baldwirth“

Ohne Zusammenfassung f. f?chf. Dberforftmeifter. f. bahr. Regierungs- und Forftrath von Mürzburg. f. preuk. Dberforftmeifter aus Breslau. f. f?chf. Dberforftmeifter. f. bahr. Regierungs- und Forftrath von Augsburg. f. bahr. Regierungs- und Forftrath aus Regensburg. Dberj?germeifter von Braunfchweig. f. bahr. Regierungs- und Forftrath aus München. f. f?chf. Dberf?rfter. f. f?chf. Dberforftmeifter. f. f?chf. Dberforftrath. herz. braunfchweig. Forftmeifter von Blanfenburg. Direftor der fürftlich Cfterhazh’fchen Herrfchaft Spoly Parsto. fürftl. fondershauf. Dberfortmeifter. f. bahr. Redierf?rfter don Schmarzenbach. f. preuk. Dberf?rfter. f. f. Forftrath aus Brekburg. f. preuk. Dberf?rfter von Altruppin. f. hann?v. Forftmeifter von Rienburg. Forftmeifter in preuk. Schleften. f. preuk. Dberforftmeifter von Berlin. herz. aftenburg. Dberfortmeifter. f. preuk. Dberf?rfter. f. f?chf. Dberf?rfter. f. ruff. Forftfomiff?r aus Marfchau. f. preuk. Forftinfpeftor. f. f?chf. Forftinfpeftor. grokh. meimar. Forftinfpeftor von Martfuhl. f. mürttb. Dberf?rfter und Brofeffor aus Hohenheim. f. hannov. Forftmeifter aus Hammeln. Dberforftmeifter aus Sotha. herz. altenburg. Dberf?rfter aus Hummelshain. herz. altenburg. Revierf?rfter aus Milchwig. herz. altenburg. geheimer Finanzrath und Dberforftmeifter. herz. altenb. Dberforftmeifter aus Hummelshain. grokh. f?chf. geheimer Dberforftrath aus Qifenach. herz. naffau. Dberforftrath aus Miesbaden. grokh. heff. Dberforftfefret?r aus Darmftadt. f. f?chf. Dberforftmeifter.     

Effects of lysine and methionine supplementation on growth,body composition and digestive function of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed plant protein diets using high‐level canola meal

A 76‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of Lysine and Methionine supplementation on growth and digestive capacity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed plant protein diets using high‐level canola meal (CM). Fish with initial average weight 103.9 ± 0.6 g were fed three extruded diets. Fish meal (FM) diet was formulated as the normal control with 40 g kg^?1 FM and 300 g kg^?1 CM; CM diet was prepared by replacing all FM with CM (total 340 g kg^?1) without Lys or Met supplementation; CM supplement (CMS) diet was similar to CM diet but was supplemented with essential amino acids (EAA) to ensure the levels of Lys and Met similar to those in the FM diet. Feed intake, feed efficiency and specific growth rate of the grass carp fed CMS and FM diets were similar (P > 0.05), but higher than those of the grass carp fed CM diet (P < 0.05). The hepatosomatic index, relative gut length, intestosomatic index and intestinal folds height were significantly improved in fish fed FM and CMS diets as compared to CM diet (P < 0.05). Lower activities of trypsin, lipase and amylase in hepatopancreas were observed in fish fed CM diet (P < 0.05). Three hundred and forty gram per kilogram CM without Lys or Met supplementation significantly decreased trypsin, lipase and amylase mRNA levels in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the high supply of CM (340 g kg^?1) in plant protein (200 g kg^?1 soybean meal and 100 g kg^?1 cottonseed meal) diets decreased digestive ability through decreasing digestive enzyme activities and enzyme gene's expressions of grass carp, and these side effects can be reversed by supplementing Lys and Met. Therefore, CM could be high level used in a plant protein blend‐based extruded diet for grass carp as long as EAA were supplemented.     

Effects of dietary thiamin supplement on growth,body composition and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

A total of 1050 juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) (8.20 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets containing seven graded levels of thiamin (0.25, 0.48, 0.79, 1.06, 1.37, 1.63 and 2.65 mg kg^?1) for 60 days to investigate the effects of thiamin on growth, body composition and digestive enzyme activities. Percent weight gain (PWG), feed intake and feed efficiency (FE) were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Protein productive value and lipid productive value increased with increasing dietary thiamin levels up to 1.06 and 0.79 mg kg^?1 diet, respectively (P < 0.05). Body protein and lipid increased with increasing dietary thiamin levels (P < 0.05), while moisture and ash of fish carcasses decreased with the increase in dietary thiamin supplementation (P < 0.05). Intestinal folds height had a similar trend to PWG (P < 0.05). Activities of α‐amylase, lipase, trypsin, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase in intestine were all affected by the dietary thiamin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, thiamin could improve growth and intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp. The dietary thiamin requirement of juvenile Jian carp (8.0–60.2 g) based on PWG was 1.02 mg kg^?1 diet.     

Effects of Thyroxin and Domperidone on Oocyte Maturation and Spawning Performances in the Rabbit Fish,Siganus guttatus

Thyroxin (T₄) is proven to have various functions in fish reproduction. In this study, we investigated oocyte maturation and spawning performance in the rabbit fish, Siganus guttatus, orally exposed to different doses of T₄ (0.05, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg fish) during vitellogenesis. No statistically significant differences of reproductive characteristics were observed among the treatments. However, the group that was exposed to the dose of 0.5 mg/kg spawned after receiving a hormone injection. The findings suggest that feeding T₄ during vitellogenesis did not advance oocyte maturation, but probably could induce spawning in rabbit fish. In a separate experiment, we investigated the effects of orally administered domperidone (DOM) on reproductive performances of the female rabbit fish. The study showed that oral administration of DOM during the early stages of the reproductive cycle had no significant effects on oocyte maturation and spawning performance. Overall, these findings suggest that DOM may not be needed for the induction of maturation and spawning of this species under aquaculture conditions. These practical investigations were conducted with a view to attempt reducing drug use, production costs, and support sustainable aquaculture.