EFFICACY OF GYPSUM AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE AS SOURCES OF SULFUR TO RAPESEED IN LATERITIC SOILS

A field experiment conducted on rapeseed (Brassica juncea L.) during 2005–2006 in a typical lateritic soil (Alfisol) of West Bengal, India revealed that sources of sulfur viz. gypsum and magnesium sulfate and levels of sulfur (0, 20, 40, 60 kg S ha^?1) have significant influence on grain yield, total biological yield, sulfur concentration in grain and stover, total sulfur uptake, oil content and oil yield and chlorophyll content. The maximum grain yield (18.28 q ha^?1) and oil yield (8.59 q ha^?1) was obtained with magnesium sulfate followed by gypsum yielded the grain yield of 17.99 q ha^?1 and oil yield of 8.22 q ha^?1 at 40 kg S ha^?1. Overall, the best performance was recorded when sulfur was applied at 40 kg S ha^?1 either as magnesium sulfate or gypsum. Results revealed that magnesium sulfate may be considered as the better source of sulfur than gypsum to raise the mustard crop in sulfur deficient acidic red and lateritic soils of West Bengal and if farmers apply either magnesium sulfate or gypsum to soils, the possible deficiency of sulfur and magnesium/calcium in soils and plants can be avoided.     

Effect of amending materials on growth of radish plant in salinized soil

The critical Na levels in soil which restricted seed germination and growth of radish, and effect of the amending materials on reducing the salinity hazard were determined by performing petri dish and pot experiments. The plants were grown in amended salinized soil in a phytotron for 21 days. Excess accumulation of Na in cells suppressed seed germination and plant growth. The critical Na level in control soil which restricted germination and growth was 12.5mg Na/g soil. At the same salinity level, amending materials promoted seed germination and plant growth mainly by inhibiting the excess flow of Na into the cell through ion holding mechanism. Among the materials used, the commercial manure of 4 months old held greater amount of Na(3.7mg/g) and thus more efficiently reduced the ion damage. Plants grown under such treatment had the highest dry matter yield (28.Gmg/plant), water content was normal(84%), and the ratio for Na in root to Na in plant's shoot was 2.4. As for the case of plant grown in control soil the respective data were 8. 5mg, 54%, and 4.8.     

Effect of long-term application of fertilizers on soil quality and rice yield in a salt-affected coastal region of India

The studied soils were collected from a 24-year long-term fertilizer experiment with rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown on tropical Typic Endoaquepts during monsoon season only. The organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) status of the soils improved with the N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂ treatment than the initial values at the start of the experiment. The available P status of the soils depleted in the N₁₀₀P₁₁K₂₂ and N₀P₀K₀ treatments than the initial value. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and basal soil respiration (BSR), activities of urease, acid and alkaline phosphatases as well as fluorescein diacetate hydrolyzing activity (FDHA) were the highest in the N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂ treatment. The highest percentage of MBC in OC in the N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂ treatment revealed the accumulation of organic matter with an overall improvement in nutrient status of soil, since MBC is a labile pool of plant nutrients. Long-term application of fertilizers (N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂) had no deleterious effect on microbial and biochemical soil quality parameters. Rice grain yields were inconsistent with N₁₀₀P₀K₀ and N₀P₀K₀ while that of N₁₀₀P₂₂K₄₂, N₁₀₀P₁₁K₂₂ and N₁₀₀P₂₂K₀ increased gradually during the course of the experiment for each block period of six years. The grain yield of rice showed high significant correlation with the microbial and biochemical soil parameters.     

Simulation Model for Composting Cellulosic (Bagasse) Substrates

A dynamic model of aerobic composting with solid substrates was developed as a first step to predict the rate of decomposition of cellulosic materials. The model was based on heat and mass transfer principles and reaction kinetics of biological processes. The relations describing the rates of reaction and the degradability potential of the substrates were determined based on laboratory-scale experiments. The model was developed using a graphical software package, Stella II® (which was able to solve feedback loops encountered in actual composting processes.

The model was validated with temperature, oxygen distribution and mass degradation accompanying the composting of bagasse. Experimental setups consisted of 30 gallon drum reactors, continuously aerated. Temperature and oxygen in exhaust gases were monitored on an hourly basis and measurements of moisture content, pH and volatile solids were done on a weekly basis.

The data fit with the model was excellent for mass degraded and temperatures for the first 10 days. From day 10 to 14, the deviations between model predictions (as solved with Stella II®) and actual measurements did not exceed 2.6 percent. The concentrations of oxygen in outlet gases showed fair agreement between predicted and experimental values. Simulating the model with varying airflow rates showed that the maximum mass breakdown rates occurred for airflow rates of 0.12 kg dry air/(kg dry compost.hr) while maintaining the temperatures below 50°C, through a temperature feedback control strategy.     

近40a凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖变化及景观格局分析

为研究近40 a凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局时空变化状况,该文以凯拉库姆库区1975年Landsat MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2000年Landsat ETM+和2011年Landsat TM遥感影像为数据源,利用ENVI软件得到各时期的土地利用/覆盖类型转移矩阵,建立土地利用面积变化量、单一土地利用类型动态度以及区域土地利用综合动态度模型;同时,在景观格局分析中采用景观格局数量分析方法,在类型水平和景观水平分别选取不同的指数,系统分析凯拉库姆库区土地利用/覆盖和景观格局变化的时空特征。研究结果显示:近40 a凯拉库姆库区的土地利用/覆盖发生了剧烈变化,建设用地面积呈现出持续增加的态势,低覆盖度草地和未利用地的面积随时间序列呈"V"型变化,而水体、耕地、中覆盖度草地的面积随时间序列呈倒"V"型变化;建设用地和耕地大面积急剧扩张,并伴随着低覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地和未利用地面积的减少,大量的中覆盖度草地、未利用地转化为耕地,同时部分耕地又转化为建设用地,使得建设用地和耕地面积显著增加,研究区区域土地利用综合动态度呈"V"字型变化,并有逐渐加快的趋势,活跃土地利用/覆盖类型由早期和中期的水体转化为近期低覆盖度草地,稳定土地利用/覆盖类型由早期的耕地和中覆盖度草地,过度到中期未利用地,进而转化为近期的耕地;景观格局分析表明,中覆盖度草地和耕地对整个景观发挥主导作用,与水体相邻的景观要素多,建设用地斑块数目多且相对分散,但有集中分布的趋势,在人类活动的影响下,整体斑块尺度趋于均匀,景观趋于丰富和复杂化,斑块聚集程度减少,破碎度增加。该研究结果为凯拉库姆库区水土地资源可持续开发和利用、生态环境保护提供科学依据。     

Zinc exposure has differential effects on uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen in Chinese cabbage

Zinc (Zn) is a plant nutrient; however, at elevated levels it rapidly becomes phytotoxic. In order to obtain insight into the physiological background of its toxicity, the impact of elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations (1 to 10 μM) in the root environment on physiological functioning of Chinese cabbage was studied. Exposure of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) to elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations (≥ 5 μM) in the root environment resulted in leaf chlorosis and decreased biomass production. The Zn concentrations of the root and shoot increased with the Zn²⁺ concentration up to 68‐fold and 14‐fold, respectively, at 10 μM compared to the control. The concentrations of the other mineral nutrients of the shoot were hardly affected by elevated Zn²⁺ exposure, although in the root both the Cu and Fe concentrations were increased at ≥ 5 µM, whereas the Mn concentration was decreased and the Ca concentration strongly decreased at 10 µM Zn²⁺. The uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen were differentially affected at ≥ 5 µM Zn²⁺. Zn²⁺ exposure resulted in an increase of sulfate uptake and the activity of the sulfate transporters in the root, and in enhanced total sulfur concentration of the shoot, which could be ascribed partially to an accumulation of sulfate. Moreover, Zn²⁺ exposure resulted in an up to 6.5‐fold increase in water‐soluble non‐protein thiol (and cysteine) concentration of the root. However, nitrate uptake by the root and the nitrate and total nitrogen concentrations of the shoot were decreased upon Zn²⁺ exposure, demonstrating the absence of a mutual regulation of the uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen at toxic Zn levels. Evidently, elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations in the root environment did not only disturb the uptake, distribution and assimilation of sulfate, it also affected the uptake and metabolism of nitrate in Chinese cabbage.     

Calculating the density of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soils from penetration resistance diagrams

The possibility for the calculation of the soil bulk density from two-dimensional penetration resistance diagrams drawn using a penetrometer during the vertical sounding of the soil has been discussed. A method has been proposed for calculating the bulk density of loamy sandy soddy-podzolic soils from the soil penetration test diagrams. The model for the calculation of the soil bulk density is based on the general physical concepts with the involvement of similarity theory methods. The adequacy and quality of the model have been studied statistically. The model has been found to be suitable for calculating the bulk density of loamy sandy and sandy podzolic soils.     

The effect of NPK fertilizer with different nitrogen solubility on growth,nutrient uptake and use by chrysanthemum

The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer with different nitrogen forms on N, P, K use, uptake and growth of potted chrysanthemum plants during three vegetation phases was observed in two - years experiment. In the experiment, NPK fertilizer with slow soluble nutrients with different nitrogen forms: ureaform, (IBDU) isobutyledenediurea and melamin, was used. At control treatment the identical fertilizer was applied but the nitrogen was in ammonia and urea forms as usually used in horticulture. The experiment clearly showed the positive effect of NPK fertilizer containing half nitrogen amount in ureaform, on growth and plant nutrient uptake. This effect of nitrogen ureaform was confirmed by both the highest uptake of N, P, K and the highest yield of biomass. The NPK fertilizer with half nitrogen content in ureaform ensured optimal nutrient release according chrysanthemum nutrient requirement.     

Effects of different levels of soil salinity on yield attributes,accumulation of nitrogen,and micronutrients in Brassica spp.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of soil salinity on yield attributes as well as nutrient accumulation in different plant parts of seven Brassica cultivars from two different species raised in pot culture experiment with two levels of salinity treatments along with control corresponding to soil electrical conductivity (EC) values of 1.65 (S₀), 4.50 (S₁) and 6.76 (S₂) dS m^?1. The experiment was consisted of twelve replications in a completely randomized design. Imposition of salinity stress affected various yield attributing characters including plant height, which ultimately led to severe yield reduction. However, tolerant cultivars, CS 52 and CS 54 performed better under salt treatment showing lesser yield loss. Salinity stress reduced the nitrogen (N) content in leaves of the Brassica plants, which reflected in decreased seed protein content. Reduced accumulation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) was observed in leaf, stem and root at flowering and post-flowering stages, while CS 52 and CS 54 showed less reduction than susceptible cultivars under salinity stress.     

土壤中施加锌对豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)中锌浓度以及其种子产量的影响

A 2-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of applied zinc（Zn） on the seed yield of pea（Pisum sativum L.） and to determine the internal Zn requirement of pea with emphasis on the seed and leaves as index tissues.The experiment was carried out at two different locations（Talagang,Chakwal district and National Agricultural Research Centre（NARC）,Islamabad） in the Potohar Plateau,Pakistan by growing three pea cultivars（Green feast,Climax,and Meteor）.The soils were fertilized with 0,2,4,8,and 16 kg Zn ha^-1 along with recommended basal fertilization of nitrogen（N）,phosphorus（P）,potassium（K）,and boron（B）.Zinc application increased seed yield significantly for all the three cultivars.Maximum increase in the pea seed yield（2-year mean） was21%and 15%for Green feast,28%and 21%for Climax,and 34%and 26%for Meteor at Talagang and NARC,respectively.In all cultivars,Zn concentrations in leaves and seed increased to varying extents as a result of Zn application.Fertiliser Zn requirement for near-maximum seed yield varied from 3.2 to 5.3 kg ha^-1 for different cultivars.Zinc concentrations of leaves and seeds appeared to be a good indicator of soil Zn availability.The critical Zn concentration range sufficient for 95%maximum yield（internal Zn requirement）was 42-53 mg kg^-1 in the pea leaves and 45-60 mg kg^-1 in the seeds of the three pea cultivars studied.