棉花种质资源收集鉴定与创新利用

十二五期间通过对我国西南地区、南海诸岛、及国外野生棉起源中心实地考察和广泛征集,新收集国内外棉花种质资源1220份,其中陆地棉986份、海岛棉176份、亚洲棉58份,所收集种质均已入国家中期库保存。收集的棉花种质资源分别在河南安阳、海南三亚、新疆阿拉尔进行主要农艺经济性状鉴定和特性鉴定。通过SSR(Simple sequence repeat)分子标记、重测序等技术对收集到的种质进行了分子鉴定,筛选到大量与纤维品质、抗黄萎病、抗旱、抗草甘膦显著关联的基因。在收集保存的种质资源基础上,通过辐射诱变、远缘杂交、复合杂交创造出优质、高产、抗逆等优异种质资源。通过展示向全国科研院所及公司发放棉花种质19 191份次。     

A rapid assessment of landscape biodiversity using diversity profiles of arthropod morphospecies

Context

The assessment of land-use impacts on biodiversity is one of the central themes of landscape ecology and conservation biology. However, due to the complexity of biodiversity, it is impossible to obtain complete information about the diversity of all species even for small areas, necessitating the selection of individual species or assemblages thereof as species surrogate. In parts of the world where taxonomic expertise is lacking, species identification has hindered progress in biodiversity conservation, and the only practical, relatively-accurate option, is the use of taxonomic minimalism.

Objective

We carried out a rapid biodiversity assessment based on three surrogates—land-use (driver-surrogate), terrestrial arthropods (species-surrogate) and morphospecies (taxonomic-surrogate)—to determine the impacts of land-use on biodiversity of the Western Region (Ghana), an area covering ~4 % of the West African biodiversity hotspot.

Method

We used diversity profiles to visualize the distribution of a total of 8848 arthropod individuals over seven land-use types which define the complete heterogeneity of the landscape.

Results

Here, we present both sample and asymptotic diversity profiles of arthropod morphospecies for each land-use type and the potential of each land-use type for conserving arthropods.

Conclusions

We conclude that (1) the morphospecies approach is useful for detecting differences in species diversity of land-use types; (2) the concept of asymptotic diversity may not be necessary for land-use based biodiversity comparison; and (3) maximum diversity profiles are useful for determining the land-use conservation values in cases where pristine areas are not available.

     

叶面喷施硝酸铵对两种黄瓜苗期生理指标的影响

以广泛种植的2个黄瓜品种"长春密刺"和"水果黄瓜"为试材,叶面喷施0.30%、0.60%、0.90%硝酸铵,研究了不同浓度硝酸铵对幼苗鲜质量、叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质及酶活性等生理指标的影响,为有效且合理地施用氮肥提供参考依据。结果表明:喷施硝酸铵可提高2种黄瓜幼苗的鲜质量,对叶绿素a含量影响不大,促进叶绿素b含量和叶绿素总量的增加;随着喷施硝酸铵浓度的增大,可提高2种黄瓜的游离脯氨酸含量,降低可溶性糖含量,对可溶性蛋白质含量影响不明显;随着喷施硝酸铵浓度的增大,2种黄瓜的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化趋势均为先增后降,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化趋势则呈现出先降后升,但较对照差异均不显著;"长春密刺"和"水果黄瓜"的叶面喷施硝酸铵最适浓度分别是0.30%和0.60%。     

某增压器的整机动不平衡量偏大的工艺改进

通过对某四缸柴油机用增压器的整机动平衡通过率低的原因分析,找到影响整机动平衡的主要原因,通过工艺参数的调整,使整机动平衡达到设计要求.     

南京城市化对极端气温的影响

为了科学认识城市化对极端气温的影响,利用南京地区3个城区气象站和3个周边乡村站1961—2005年日最高、最低气温资料,对比分析城市站和乡村站17个极端气温指数的平均值和变化趋势,并定量估算极端气温变化趋势的城市化影响及贡献。结果表明:近45年南京地区暖事件均为增加趋势,而冷事件多为减少趋势,最高气温、最低气温的平均值和极值均为上升趋势。城市站与乡村站相比,暖事件更多,冷事件更少,最高气温、最低气温的平均值和极值更大。城市化对极端气温变化趋势的影响有两大特点:城市化加速了极端气温指数的变化速率,使得暖事件、平均值、极值的上升趋势和冷事件的下降趋势变得更大;基于最低气温的极端气温指数变化趋势比基于最高气温的极端气温指数受城市化影响更显著。城市化贡献表现为:暖事件大于冷事件,最低气温极值和平均值大于相应的最高气温极值和平均值。     

不同海拔高度松墨天牛生物学特性研究

采用室内饲养观察法、饵木诱集观察法、样木解剖调查法和诱捕器诱集调查法,对松墨天牛在恩施市海拔400～1 200 m处的发生期进行了调查研究。结果表明:松墨天牛成虫在恩施市发生期为4月下旬末～10月中旬;随着海拔的升高,成虫羽化高峰期逐渐推迟,海拔400～600、600～800、800～1 000 m、1 000～1 200 m天牛羽化高峰期分别在6月下旬、7月上旬、7月中旬、7月下旬。不同海拔高度该虫均为1年发生1代,都以低龄幼虫和老熟幼虫分别在韧皮部和木质部的虫道内越冬,但在不同海拔高度条件下该虫各虫态发生期不同,低海拔400m处各虫态的发生期要比高海拔1 200 m处提前30 d左右。恩施市为典型的盆地气候,松墨天牛成虫发生期差异显著,防治适期不一,该研究为该市松墨天牛的防治和预测预报提供了可靠的理论依据。     

Effects of late planting on fiber quality and within-boll yield components as mediated by sucrose metabolism in cotton bolls

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of late planting on sucrose metabolism in cotton bolls and the relationship to fiber properties and within-boll yield components. Two cotton lines A201 and A705 were employed in a sowing date experiment where two temperature regimes during boll maturation period were created at mean daily temperature of 26.8°C, 28.3°C for early planting and 25.2°C, 23.1°C for late planting in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Boll size, seed mass per boll, seed index and fiber length were increased, and lint percentage was decreased by late planting. Greater cell wall invertase activity and the resultant hexose concentration in fibers were observed in late planting, and thus led to decreased osmotic potential accounting for the enhanced fiber length. Similarly, late planting increased the maximum of vacuolar invertase activity in ovules occurring at 5 days post anthesis (DPA) and hexose concentrations in embryos from 10 DPA afterwards which may favor embryo cell division, and thus increase final seed size. Our data indicate that acid invertase and hexose are implicated in the formation of within-boll yield components and fiber properties as affected by the lower temperature regime due to late planting.     

2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空变化特征

随着居民对蔬菜消费需求的不断提高,拉萨市温室蔬菜地得到快速发展,但对温室蔬菜地格局变化过程仍缺乏清楚的认识。该研究基于2008－2018年11期拉萨市高清遥感影像,结合实地调研,采用重心转移分析、地统计分析等方法,研究了2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空格局变化特征。结果表明：1）2008－2018年,拉萨市温室蔬菜地面积总体呈波动上升趋势,年均增长率为6.93%。研究时段内,温室蔬菜地变化经历了发展、调整、稳定三个阶段,各阶段年均变化率分别为11.08%、-2.13%和0.77%。2）研究时段内,拉萨市城关区和堆龙德庆区温室蔬菜地比例下降56.2%,达孜区和曲水县温室蔬菜地比例上升51.58%,温室蔬菜地分布重心向远离城区的城郊转移,向东南方向迁移了约4 896 m。3）新增温室蔬菜地向高海拔和大坡度区域转移,海拔3 675～3 800 m范围内温室蔬菜地面积比例由22.05%上升到30.41%,坡度6°～10°区域温室蔬菜地面积占比上升5.92%。4）温室蔬菜地新增源于耕地,减少多因为建设用地扩张。蔬菜需求量大和温室蔬菜收益高是温室蔬菜地面积增加的基本动力,区域土地利用调整是温室蔬菜地格局变化的重要推动力。     

几个杂交稻组合的适应性分析

以汕优63为对照,通过比较Ⅱ优084、Ⅱ优838、Ⅱ优725、粤优938、两优培九和丰优香占等6个组合对水稻主要病害的抗性、秧龄弹性以及对高温和涝害适应的能力,研究结果表明:6个组合中Ⅱ优084适应性最好,总体上强于汕优63;其次为Ⅱ优838和Ⅱ优725,总体上与汕优63相当;粤优938、两优培九和丰优香占的适应性总体上不如汕优63。     

云南引进帝国百脉根的研究

对引进帝国百脉根进行茎叶比、干鲜比、干草产量、营养成分和体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)的测定。结果表明，帝国百脉根含有丰富的营养，分枝期和盛花期粗蛋白含量分别高达28．0%和20．79%，粗纤维含量为13．0%和17．46%，Ca、P 丰富，比例恰当，体外干物质消化率较高而稳定，在分枝期和开花期分别为58．64%和57．25%。因此，帝国百脉根为饲用价值较高的优良豆科牧草，应予以进一步开发利用。