Inverse identification of early- and latewood hydric properties using full-field measurements

The study and identification of the water diffusion properties of Abies alba Mill at the growth ring scale are investigated in this paper. A full-field measurement technique, the grid method, is used in the experimental tests in order to observe heterogeneities and to measure strain fields in the annual growth rings. In this case, the mechanical behaviour of latewood (LW) and earlywood (EW) is studied under the effect of water stress. This technique is coupled to an inverse method for parameter identification. It enables us to assess the diffusivity of EW and LW in the tangential diffusion direction (T) and their expansion coefficients in the radial direction (R) from strain maps obtained using the grid method. Thus the water diffusion phenomenon and its effect on the deformation of wood specimens are studied. A suitable experimental device is designed to provide direct contact with water on one side of the specimen, and strain maps are obtained over time on the other side. During the experiments, strain gradients that appear are clearly different between EW and LW, highlighting the different diffusion properties at the ring scale level. The results also show changes in the kinetics of the hydric deformation of the material.     

热开关控制光伏/温差联合发电装置设计提高发电效率

为解决光伏电池板接收太阳辐射发电时板面温度上升导致光电转换效率下降的问题,该文通过温差发电技术对光伏电池板进行主动冷却;同时为解决温差发电技术因温差较小时热电转换效率低下的问题,引入热开关对装置进行控制,并采用扁平热管作为传热单元,利用水对流为系统进行冷却。为测试基于热开关的光伏/温差联合发电装置的性能,分析了不同光辐射强度、不同板面温度、以及不同冷端温度对系统的影响,并搭建试验平台,对联合发电装置进行试验研究。结果表明,装置联合发电效率高于单独一种发电方式的效率,实现了能量的梯级利用。在对装置进行瞬时性能测试期间,发电效率最高达到19.45%,发电功率最大达到32.15 W。在6 d全天性能测试期间,联合发电装置的平均发电效率为17.72%,最高可达18.37%。所获电能基本可以满足农业温室大棚检测系统、远程传感器的供电要求。     

基于Maxent模型的美国西海岸树流感暴发风险时空分析

树流感即栎树猝死病（SOD）自从在美国发现以来,已经造成了美国加利福尼亚州树木大量死亡,并且扩散到了俄勒冈州。对树流感未来暴发风险区域的研究能够为树流感防控提供科学依据,同时为中国防治类似森林病虫害提供借鉴。联合国气候变化政府间专门委员会（IPCC）在第5次评估报告中指出,根据温室气体排放模式的不同未来气候变化有4种可能趋势。该研究基于现在的全球植被覆盖数据、过去的气候数据和未来4种不同排放模式下的气候数据,运用Maxent模型预测了北美西海岸地区在2000年、2050年、2070年树流感暴发风险区域。对预测结果的时空对比分析发现,北美西海岸地区未来树流感暴发高风险区域将会往北和西海岸地区扩张,在各种气候模式下扩张的情况不一样,其中相对于2000年,在RCP85排放模式下2070年北美西海岸地区的高风险区域将会增加174%。     

渭南市花椒窄吉丁虫危害风险分析

花椒窄吉丁虫是危害花椒的主要害虫。通过对该虫的生物学特性、分布与管理、扩散蔓延的可能性、危害影响和检疫防治的难度等5个方面的分析,依据林业有害生物风险分析原则,利用有害生物多指标评价体系,对花椒窄吉丁虫在渭南市的危害风险进行了评估。在定性和定量风险分析的基础上,计算得出风险评估值(R=1.23),属低度危险有害生物,并提出花椒窄吉丁虫的防治办法,为花椒经济林的丰产管理提供参考。     

Prior exposure to diurnal heating influences soil respiration and N availability upon rewetting

On sunny summer days, the top 10 cm of soil in southern Australia are heated to temperatures between 50 and 80 °C for a few hours a day, often for several successive days. These extreme temperature events are likely to have profound effects on the microbiota in these soils, but we do not know how this recurrent heat exposure influences microbial dynamics and associated nutrient cycling. In this study, an air-dry soil from southern Australia was exposed to one or two diurnal heating events with maximum temperature of 50 or 70 °C. The control was left at ambient temperature (Amb). All soils were rapidly rewet. Soil respiration was measured for 7 days after rewetting; microbial biomass C, available N and P were determined before rewetting and 1 and 7 days after rewetting. After heating and before rewetting compared to Amb, microbial biomass C (MBC) was 50–80% lower, but available P was 25% higher in heated soils. Available N differed little between Amb and heated soils. Rewetting resulted in a flush of respiration in Amb and soils heated once, but there was no respiration flush in soils heated twice. Cumulative respiration compared to Amb was about 10% higher in soils heated once and about 25% lower in soils heated twice. In Amb, MBC 1 day after rewetting was similar as before rewetting. But in heated soils, MBC increased from before rewetting to 1 day after rewetting about fourfold. Compared to Amb, available N 1 day after rewetting was 20–30% higher in soils heated to 70 °C. Seven days after rewetting, available N was 10% higher than Amb only in soils heated twice to 70 °C. It can be concluded that diurnal heating kills a large proportion of the microbial biomass and influences soil respiration and nutrient availability after rewetting of soils. The effect of heating depends on both maximum temperature and number of events.     

不同天然保鲜液对气调包装冰温贮藏鲶鱼片品质的影响

为延长鲶鱼片货架期,提高其食用安全性,该试验将新鲜鲶鱼片分别用3种天然保鲜液以及无菌蒸馏水(对照组)处理后,气调包装(60%CO2+40%N2),贮藏于–0.7℃的冰温库中,考察3种天然保鲜液对鲶鱼片感官品质、微生物指标、常规理化指标以及鱼肉蛋白氧化程度的影响。结果表明:1#保鲜液(由壳聚糖、蜂胶、溶菌酶和茶多酚等复配而成)与3#保鲜液(纯乳酸菌发酵液)降低了鲶鱼片中的菌落总数、p H值、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N)值和K值的上升;2#保鲜液(桂皮、丁香、生姜和大蒜)具有极好的抗氧化功能,使硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid resctive subastances,TBARS)值在整个贮藏期间维持在较低(0.09~0.14 mg/kg)水平;3种天然保鲜液均不同程度延缓了鲶鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白的氧化,抑制了羰基含量的增加和总巯基含量的减少。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)结果显示,经3种保鲜液处理,鲶鱼片肌原纤维蛋白发生交联聚合和小片化的程度降低。由此可见3种保鲜液在不同程度上均可抑制鲶鱼片微生物生长、蛋白降解、脂肪和蛋白氧化,较好地保持鲶鱼肉的新鲜度,延缓腐败变质的发生,3组保鲜效果排序为3#1#2#,1#,2#,3#保鲜液组货架期分别达到40、30和40 d,而无菌蒸馏水处理组为20 d。研究结果为天然保鲜液在鲶鱼肉贮藏中的应用提供参考。     

麦谷宁生测方法及其对玉米的安全性研究

选用种植面积较大且抗逆性较强的玉米品种农大 108为指示植物 ,研究了麦谷宁的玉米沙培试验方法。结果表明 ,浸种催芽 ,播种后先盖覆沙量的一半后加药 60mL,再盖沙至 2 cm厚 ,于 2 5℃黑暗培养 3d,可获得满意的结果。回归分析表明 ,麦谷宁浓度的对数与玉米主根长抑制率相对应的机率值成很好的线性关系 ,r2 均大于 0 .90。就大面积种植的 16个玉米品种对麦谷宁的敏感性测定结果表明 ,掖单 12对麦谷宁较敏感 ,农大 3138对麦谷宁耐药力最强 ,各品种对麦谷宁的 IC50 值均大于 7.38μ g· kg-1,感性介于烟嘧磺隆和氯磺隆之间     

小麦全蚀病菌不同致病力菌株的致病特点

利用小麦种子根接种小麦全蚀病菌Gaeumannomyces graminis var．tritici，研究了不同致病力菌株的致病特点。结果表明，弱致病菌株可侵染小麦，但罹病过程缓慢，接种第5天仅在皮层观察到少量菌丝体，13天有少量菌丝进入中柱，中柱组织在菌丝侵入前褐变，未出现导管堵塞现象，也不能导致典型的黑根症状。强致病菌株接种第2天可侵入皮层，8天即进入中柱，并在寄主组织内产生大量菌丝体，致使寄主皮层组织和中柱细胞大量褐变和坏死，以及导管堵塞。     

河南省小麦赤霉病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性

为明确河南省小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum对咯菌腈的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了咯菌腈对从该省11个地市分离的95株菌株的毒力,通过方差分析法及聚类分析法对测定结果进行了分析,并研究了咯菌腈与多菌灵、戊唑醇对病菌毒力的相关性。结果显示：咯菌腈对小麦赤霉病菌菌丝生长的最低抑制浓度为0.1 μg/mL;咯菌腈对供试95株菌株的EC₅₀范围在0.003~0.088 μg/mL之间,平均EC₅₀为0.011 μg/mL;敏感性频率分布图显示,病菌群体中存在着对咯菌腈敏感性较低的亚群体,但67.4%供试菌株敏感性频率呈正态分布,将此部分菌株的EC₅₀平均值0.007 μg/mL作为小麦赤霉病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性基线。方差分析及聚类结果均显示,同一县市内的菌株对咯菌腈EC₅₀的最大值和最小值之比为1.1~8.3;除周口市沈丘县的菌株外,其余县市的菌株对咯菌腈敏感性差异不明显,咯菌腈EC₅₀平均值变化范围在0.005~0.028 g/mL之间,最大值是最小值的5.6倍;小麦赤霉病菌对咯菌腈的敏感性与其对多菌灵、戊唑醇的敏感性之间无明显相关性。表明河南省小麦赤霉病菌群体中尽管存在着敏感性较低的亚群体,但可通过药剂复配进行防控。     

肉牛经济性状主效基因研究进展

牛是重要的家畜之一,在役用、肉用和乳用等方面对社会有着重要的贡献。通过鉴定牛经济性状相关基因及其变异有助于提高育种效率,增加经济效益。随着现代生物技术的发展,对牛经济性状主效基因的挖掘变得更加准确。已鉴定与牛生长发育相关的PLAG1基因,与繁殖相关的GDF9基因,与肉质相关的CAST基因,与胴体相关的MSTN基因,与毛色相关的MC1R基因,与泌乳相关的DGAT1基因等。针对牛不同性状进行合理的分子选育对牛业发展有着重要的经济价值和意义。本文对近年来黄牛生长发育性状、繁殖性状、肉质性状、胴体性状、毛色性状和泌乳性状主效基因研究进展进行综述,为今后黄牛遗传育种研究提供参考依据。